1986 SURVEY OF CONSUMER FINANCES: TECHNICAL MANUAL AND CODEBOOK Robert B. Avery and Arthur B. Kennickell Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System November 9, 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND OVERVIEW 1 1.11 Introduction 1 1.12 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances 7 1.13 Survey Design 10 1.14 Sample Weights 11 1.15 Non-response and Imputations of Missing Data 25 1.15 Comparability With Other Data 28 1.16 Manual Instructions 34 1.17 Acknowledgements 36 2. DEMOGRAPHICS (VARIABLE DESCRIPTIONS) 2.1 Weights and I.D. codes 39 2.11 Observation code (C1,B1) 39 2.12 Sample Codes (C1001-C1006) 39 2.13 Sample Weights (C1007-C1020) 40 2.2 Household Demographics 45 2.21 Persons in Household (C1101-C1112) 45 2.22 Household Characteristics (C1113-C1131,B3111,C1301,C1302) 50 2.23 Geographic Location (C1132-C1134) 55 2.24 Respondent (C1135,C1136,C1605) 57 2.25 Household Unit (Dwelling) Residents (C1135-C1176) 57 2.25 Ages of Children Living Outside the Home (C1177-C1185) 60 2.26 Interview characteristics and time (C1186-C1197) 60 3. CHANGES 3.1 Change Variables 1983 to 1986 65 3.11 Marital Status Change (C1201-C1202) 65 3.12 Changes in Household Composition (C1136,C1203-C1209) 65 3.13 Moving (C1210,C1504-C1505) 68 3.14 New Location (C1211-C1216) 70 3.15 Price Change (C1217) 80 3.16 Savings and Savings Attitudes (C1218-C1225,C1461-C1462) 81 3.2 Life Events 86 3.21 Share Living Quarters (C1251-C1261) 86 3.22 Divorce (C1262-C1263) 88 3.23 Alimony (C1264-C1271) 89 3.24 Child Support and Custody (C1272-C1280) 90 3.25 Divorce -- Other Financial Aspects (C1281-C1283) 92 3.26 Widowhood (C1284-C1292) 93 3.3 Revenues and Expenditures 97 3.31 Household Income (C1301-C1306) 97 3.32 FInancial Support (C1307-C1315) 99 3.33 Windfalls (C1316-C1317) 101 3.34 Auto, Home Improvement, Major Durable, and Health Expenses (C1319-C1321) 102 3.35 Health Insurance (C1322-C1335) 103 3.36 Education Expenses (C1336-C1345) 106 3.37 Financial Support Given (C1346-C1354) 109 3.38 Other Expenses (C1355-C1358) 110 3.39 Gifts of Time (C1346-C1354) 112 3.40 Total Reported Expenses (C1355-C1358) 112 4. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES 4.1 Balance Sheet Data 114 4.11 Financial Assets (C1401-C1416) 114 4.12 Real Assets (C1417-C1422,C1512-C1513) 116 4.13 Debts (C1423-C1444,C1525-C1526) 119 4.14 Net Worth and Balance Sheet Totals (C1445-C1460) 123 4.15 Savings (C1461-C1462) 125 4.2 Housing and Home Mortgages 128 4.21 Residential/Moving Information (C1501-C1506) 128 4.22 Disposition of 1983 Home (C1507-C1509) 130 4.23 Current Home (C1510-C1515) 131 4.24 Purchase Information (C1516-C1524) 132 4.25 Mortgage Summaries (C1525-C1526) 135 4.26 Individual Mortgage Totals (C1527,C1528,C1542,C1543) 136 4.27 Date of Mortgage (C1529-C1533,C1544-C1548) 137 4.28 Amount Borrowed on Mortgage (C1534,C1549) 138 4.29 Payments/Interest (C1535-C1541,C1550-C1555) 138 5. EMPLOYMENT 5.1 Head and Spouse Demographic data 142 5.11 Age and Sex (C1601-C1605,C1701-C1705) 142 5.12 Marital History (C1125,C1126,C1201,C1202, C1606-C1629 C1706-C1729) 143 5.13 Education and Health (C1630-C1636,C1730-C1736) 147 5.14 Current Job Status (C1637-C1639,C1737-C1739) 149 5.15 Job History (C1640-C1644,C1740-C1744) 150 5.16 Retirement Ages (C1645-C1650,C1745-C1750) 151 5.2 Current Job 155 5.21 Occupation/Industry (C1801-C1810,C1901-C1910) 155 5.22 Last Worked on Job/Number of Years on Job (C1811-C1815,C1911-C1915) 158 5.23 Job Terms/Wages (C1816-C1819,C1916-C1919) 160 5.24 Pension Coverage (C1819,C1820,C1919,C1920) 161 5.25 Calculated Relative Real Wage Growth Variables (C1822-C1827,C1922-C1927) 162 5.26 Occupation Code Employment Data (C1828-C1830,C1928-C1930) 163 5.3 1983 Job and Pension Data 5.31 1983 Job Status (C1851,C1852,C1951,C1952) 166 5.32 Leaving 1983 Job (C1853-C1859,C1953-C1959) 167 5.33 1983 Job Pension (C1860-C1864,C1960-C1964) 169 5.34 1983 Job, Spousal Benefits (C1865-C1869,C1965-C1969) 170 5.35 Other Pension Benefits (C1870,C1871,C1970,C1971) 172 5.36 Other Pension, Spousal Benefits (C1872-C1876,C1972-C1976) 173 INTRODUCTION The Federal Reserve Board has sponsored a series of Surveys of Consumer Finances (SCF) dating back to the 1940's. After a several-year hiatus in the 1970s, the survey effort was renewed in 1983 and now continues, in expanded form, on a triennial basis. The 1986 survey is the second of this new series. The earlier surveys, conducted annually by the Survey Research Center (SRC) at the University of Michigan between 1946 and 1970, concentrated on collecting information on household expectations and purchase intentions. Only very sketchy information was gathered on household finances, although some data on debts and income were collected in the later years. Although the surveys were discontinued in 1970, in 1977 the Federal Reserve and other federal bank regulatory agencies sponsored an ad hoc survey on consumer credit usage. Also conducted by SRC, this survey gathered detailed data on consumer debts and attitudes toward debt. Information was also collected on assets, thereby permitting the calculation of household wealth. In 1983 the Board decided to initiate a new series of Surveys of Consumer Finances with an emphasis on the measurement of household wealth. The recognition of a number of federal agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve and Department of Health and Human Services, that they had a joint interest in collecting high-quality household financial data precipitated this decision. Joint survey sponsorship from several agencies produced a much richer questionnaire than would have been likely under narrower guidance. The 1983 survey gathered detailed data on household balance sheets, income and employment history, expectations of retirement and future pension and Social Security benefits, and attitudes toward and use of consumer credit. In addition, SRC performed a linked survey of the employers of survey respondents designed to gather detailed information on the structure of firms' pension plans. In order to ensure that the entire wealth distribution was adequately sampled, the 1983 SCF supplemented its cross-section sample with an additional sample of wealthy respondents drawn from tax files. The 1986 wave of the SCF reinterviewed 1983 survey respondents. While this questionnaire obtained less detailed balance sheet data, sufficient information was collected to compute saving for these households over 1983-86. Employment information was also obtained to update the work history of the panel. In addition, the 1986 survey opened new lines of inquiry to explore the broad role of the family in economic behavior. Planning is now underway for a third wave of the new SCF, scheduled to take place in 1989. This manual describes the set of recoded, edited, and imputed variables developed at the Federal Reserve Board for the 1986 wave of the SCF. It documents the procedures used for editing the raw survey responses, the statistical methods used for imputing missing data, the construction of new variables from the original variables, and the addition of new variables which have been created by matching survey data with information from other sources. The manual also presents technical material on the survey's design and weights. It should be used in conjunction with a number of other documents, including the comparable manual for the 1983 wave, cited below; the SRC release titled the "1986 Survey of Consumer Finances," which describes those variables representing the raw responses of the survey respondents; and a comparable release from SRC for the 1983 SCF. Additional information on the SCFs, particularly the 1986 wave, can be obtained from: Robert B. Avery, Gregory E. Elliehausen, and Arthur B. Kennickell, "Changes in Consumer Installment Debt: Evidence from the 1983 and 1986 Surveys of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin, Vol. 73, No. 10 (October 1987), pp. 761-778. Robert B. Avery and Arthur B. Kennickell, "Savings and Wealth: Evidence from the 1986 Survey of Consumer Finances," presented at the May 1988 NBER Conference on Research in Income and Wealth. Robert B. Avery, Gregory E. Elliehausen, Glenn B. Canner, and Thomas A. Gustafson, "1983 Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin, 70 (September 1984): pp. 679-92. , "1983 Survey of Consumer Finances: A Second Report," Federal Reserve Bulletin, 70 (December 1984): pp. 857-868. Robert B. Avery and Gregory E. Elliehausen, 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances: Technical Manual and Codebook, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1985. , "Financial Characteristics of High-Income Families," Federal Reserve Bulletin, 72 (March 1986): pp. 163-77. Robert B. Avery, Gregory E. Elliehausen, and Arthur B. Kennickell, "Measuring Wealth with Survey Data: An Evaluation of the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances," Review of Income and Wealth, December 1988. The data from the 1983 and 1986 SCF waves and the supplemental pension survey are available on request from the National Technical Information Service, 5283 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (telephone 703-487-4600). THE 1983 SURVEY OF CONSUMER FINANCES The 1983 SCF was conducted through in-person household interviews between February and August 1983. Complete details on the survey can be found in the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances: Technical Manual and Codebook. Briefly, the survey -- sponsored jointly by The Federal Reserve Board; the Department of Health and Human Services; the Department of the Treasury, Office of Tax Analysis; the Federal Trade Commission; the Department of Labor; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -- was conducted by the Survey Research Center. The sample group was drawn from a dual frame: 5,396 households were selected for interviewing from a standard area-probability frame and 5,000 returns of high-income taxpayers were selected by the Statistics of Income Division (SOI) of the Internal Revenue Service. Of the households selected for the area-probability sample, 3,824 (71 percent) ultimately participated; this figure is somewhat lower than expected due to a higher than expected rate of vacant dwellings. At first, the SOI sample members were approached indirectly. The Comptroller of the Currency sent introductory letters requesting participation in the study to a sample of high-income 1980 taxpayers selected by SOI and residing in the same sampling areas used for the area probability sample. Of the 459 households that subsequently agreed to participate, 438 ultimately completed interviews. While the completion rate in the SOI sample is not high, it appears to be not radically out of line with response rates to previous SOI mail surveys. Within each survey household, the "economically dominant" (primary) family (or individual) was interviewed. The same questionnaire was used to interview respondents in both the area- probability and high-income samples, and field interviewers were not told which households were part of the high-income sample. The length of the interview averaged 74 minutes for the area- probability sample and 87 minutes for the high-income sample. Information was collected (at the household level) on the following items: Financial Assets. The amount, type, and source of each household checking, savings, and money market account. Household holdings of publicly traded stock, bonds, certificates of deposit, mutual funds, trusts, and notes or land contracts. Face and cash value of life insurance. Tangible Assets. The value and purchase terms of the household's principal residence, other real estate, and automobiles. Limited data on the value and characteristics of businesses in which a member of the household had both a management and equity interest. Pension Assets. I.R.A., Keogh, thrift, profit sharing, 401K, and other tax-deferred account holdings. Estimates of the present value and other information on each current or expected pension, including Social Security, of the household head and spouse. Household Debts. The purpose, amount outstanding, source, and terms of each household debt, including home mortgages and home equity loans, lines of credit, credit cards, and other consumer loans. Demographic Data. Education, employment and marital history, age, race, and earnings for the head and spouse of each household. A detailed breakdown of income by source. Attitudes and Financial Decision Making. Attitudes toward saving and credit use. Data on the use of financial services, methods of choosing among competing sources, and the number and proximity of the respondent's financial institutions. A unique and powerful feature of the 1983 SCF is the range of information on pensions and retirement. In addition to data gathered from respondents (and their spouses) about their expected dates of retirement and their expected benefits from Social Security and pensions, the names of their employers were also obtained. Using this information, the pension plans were identified, and detailed information on the plans was drawn from the Summary Plan Descriptions filed with the Department of Labor. Publicly available software has been developed to translate this complex information into more digestible figures, such as present values of benefits and effects of various decisions (such as early retirement) on pension benefits. This offers the opportunity to compare respondents' perceptions of their pension benefits and coverage with the "reality" as provided by the firms. SURVEY DESIGN The 1986 SCF -- sponsored by the Federal Reserve Board, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the General Accounting Office -- was a more limited 27-minute re-interview survey with respondents to the 1983 SCF. When 1983 couples divorced or separated, the survey followed both parties. However, other members who left the household, such as young adults were not followed. A total of 2,822 interviews were completed, by telephone, between June and September 1986. As in 1983, the unit of observation was the family. The 1986 SCF was designed primarily to update essential information in the 1983 SCF -- the household balance sheet and employment data. Sufficient information was collected that household net worth could be estimated, although more aggregated asset and debt categories were used (roughly 25 categories versus 85 in 1983). Limited information was also solicited on the disposition of assets in divorce or upon death of a spouse, purchases and sales of houses, and major expenditures for health, durables, charity, and education. Substantial new information was collected on gifts made or received by the household and the recipient or source of those gifts. In a related vein, data were gathered on the sharing of living quarters over the three-year period. In addition, income, marital, and employment history over the intervening three-year period was gathered. 1986 SAMPLE WEIGHTS Because observations for the 1983 SCF were drawn from two different sampling frames, and because the 1986 survey is a re-interview with only a portion of the 1983 sample, construction of appropriate sample weights is a particularly important issue. Weights for the 1983 survey were constructed in two phases. Relative weights for the area-probability sample were constructed to compensate for differential non-response rates across the survey's 75 primary sampling units. Those weights were further post-stratified by region and degree of urbanization to reflect population estimates from the March 1983 Current Population Survey (CPS). Construction of weights for the full 1983 sample, including both the area-probability and high-income sub-samples, posed a more difficult problem. Full information on the high-income sampling procedure is not available, nor is the information collected from survey respondents sufficient to construct a fully accurate measure of the income concepts that the IRS likely used in drawing the sample. Additional complications stem from the fact that the high-income observations were selected from a 1980 sampling frame, but reported data as of 1983, and the fact that the reporting basis for tax files (individuals or married couples) is not always the same as the survey (families). These problems led to the design of 1983 sampling weights for the high-income sample (and area-probability observations with income above a certain level) using a post-stratification scheme based on control totals for an "extended" income measure (roughly, equal to IRS-defined adjusted gross income plus excluded realized capital gains) constructed from the 1982 Tax Model File (TMF) of the IRS. Weights were determined so that the weighted number of survey observations for six cells with extended income above $80,000 matched TMF control totals. The original weights of the area-probability observations with income below $80,000 were adjusted so that the weighted number of SCF households equaled the population estimated from the CPS. High-income sample observations with income below $80,000 were arbitrarily assigned the same weight as observations in the $80,000 to $90,000 group. Construction of the 1986 sample weights proved even more problematic. As we argue later, there are at least two different interpretations of the 1986 sample relevant for analysis. Thus, at least two different 1986 weights are necessary. For many purposes, it is useful to view the 1986 sample as a sub-sample of the 1983 survey. However, it is also possible to view the 1986 sample as a new cross-section, representative of the structure of the 1986 household population. Accordingly, we have constructed two sampling weights for the 1986 sample. The first weight -- which we term the "1983/86 weight" -- was designed to allow the sample of households reached in 1986 to represent the entire 1983 sample. The second 1986 sample weight -- deemed the "1986 weight" -- may be used to represent the 1986 household population. As the basis for both weights, the original 1983 weights were adjusted for attrition using a multi-stage probability model estimated with a variety of 1983 financial, demographic and other characteristics; the 1983 weight was multiplied by the inverse of the estimated probability of being in the 1986 sample. As can be seen in table 1, the 1986 sample is clearly not a random sample from the 1983 survey. Each weight was further adjusted for changes in marital status and for deviations from externally observed measures of the population structure. At the second stage of calculation, for the 1983/86 weight, the base weight was halved for all households that separated or divorced; for the 1986 weight, households married since the 1983 survey received half of the base weight. Although the sample follows separations and divorces of primary family heads and spouses, these second-stage adjustments do not fully reflect external measures of the structure of the population. Finally, to compensate for this difference, the weights were post-stratified to age, marital status (including the sex of single respondents), and homeownership cells. As discussed below, this adjustment was performed in either of two ways, by using information from 1983 and 1986 independently, or by exploiting the information in the change in the population structure between the two years. Table 1 Sample Attrition Weighted Percent of Weighted percent of 1983 group percent of 1983 sample in 1986 1986 sample Age (head) under 25 8.0 56.6 8.6 25 to 34 22.6 62.8 23.7 35 to 44 19.5 68.9 20.8 45 to 54 15.5 67.7 14.4 55 to 64 15.0 69.3 14.5 65 or more 19.4 56.6 18.0 Marital Status married 60.6 67.8 64.3 sep/divorced male 4.9 56.9 4.4 sep/divorced female 10.7 66.5 11.2 widowed male 1.9 46.2 1.3 widowed female 9.5 58.0 8.1 never married male 6.3 57.4 5.7 never married female 6.1 49.4 5.0 Race Caucasian 82.3 67.5 82.3 Nonwhite or Hispanic 17.7 47.7 17.7 Family Income (1982) less than $10,000 24.0 46.5 21.2 $10,000 to $19,999 26.8 62.1 28.7 $20,000 to $29,999 19.3 69.8 19.7 $30,000 to $49,999 19.7 75.2 20.1 $50,000 to $99,999 8.2 77.0 8.3 $100,000 or more 2.0 80.0 2.1 Family Net Worth less than $100,000 76.6 61.2 77.4 $100,000 to $249,999 14.7 72.0 13.5 $250,000 to $999,999 7.1 75.0 7.7 $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 1.2 77.2 1.1 $2,500,000 or more 0.5 71.4 0.4 Homeownership homeowners 63.4 70.9 64.4 other 36.6 52.1 35.6 Education of the head 0 to 8 grades 14.5 55.1 14.2 9 to 12 grades 44.9 61.6 45.6 some college 17.7 66.4 17.4 college graduate 22.9 72.7 22.8 Labor force participation Married only head working 19.0 70.6 20.6 only spouse working 4.0 56.9 3.9 head & spouse working 27.8 73.1 31.1 neither working 9.8 52.0 8.7 Single working 22.4 65.1 21.5 not working 17.0 49.1 14.2 Sample area-probability 98.2 63.7 98.1 high-income 1.8 82.9 1.9 Total 100.0 64.0 100.0 *Groups are defined by their 1983 status. For the 1986 weight, there are two qualifications to these post-stratification schemes. First, the 1983 SCF interviewed only independent households. However, because at any given time a significant proportion of younger adults are in school or the military, or live with their parents, those younger people living independently at the time of the 1983 SCF are unlikely to represent the population of households of their cohort three years later. Therefore, the sample has not been weighted to represent the population of households with heads aged 24 and under in 1986. Households that fell into that group in 1986 were assigned weights adjusted for attrition and marital status change, but were not post-stratified to 1986 control totals. For this reason, we strongly recommend that only those households aged 25 or more in 1986 be used for analysis of changes. Second, some individuals who were heads of households (or spouses of heads) in 1983 moved into living arrangements where in 1986 they would no longer have been defined as a head or spouse using SRC definitions (such as young adults moving back to their parents' home). In these circumstances, the post-stratification scheme used the age, sex, and marital status of the 1986 household member who would have been identified as the head, instead of the characteristics of the 1983 respondent. What follows is a more formal description of the derivation of the 1986 weights. Let W83 , original weight in the 1983 survey. Let W8386 be the weight that weights the 1986 sample to represent the 1983 population. Let W86 be the weight that weights the 1986 sample to represent the 1986 population. These weights are closely related. Suppose for the moment that there had been no attrition from the sample between 1983 and 1986 and that the household universe in each year was equivalent (absent the effects of aging), but there had been some number of divorces and new marriages. In this case, W8386 = W83 /2 if a couple has been divorced or = W83 otherwise; or summarize the relationship between W83 and W8386 by W8386 = W83 * phi(1) ; and W86 = W8386 /2 if a single person has married outside the sample, W86 = W8386 * 2 if a couple has been divorced, or W86 = W8386 otherwise; or summarize the relationship of W8386 to W86 for each individual by W86 = W8386 * phi(2) . First we relax the assumption of no sample attrition between 1983 and 1986. Let the inverse of the true probability of each household's remaining in the sample be given by b. A part of b can be estimated using the information on the distribution of characteristics observed in the 1983 sample, and a part, say G, is related to unobservable characteristics. Let this relationship be summarized as b = a * G In this case, the relationships among the weights are summarized by W8386 = W83 * phi(1) * a * G and W86 = W8386 * phi(2) * a * G . The quantities W83, phi(1), phi(2), and a are all directly estimable. One way to estimate the missing parameter G is to use information available about the structure of the population in 1983 and 1986 to estimate G iteratively in the following way. Let the population in 1983 and in 1986 be divided into s = 1,...,n cells and let p83(s) and p86(s) be the true population counts for cell s. Define W8386(i), W86(i) and G(i) as the ith-round estimates of W8386, W83 and G, respectively. Let sigma8386(i)(s) be a scaling factor such that sigma8386(i)(s)* sum(over W8386 in cell s) W8386(i)= p83(s) ; similarly, let sigma86(i) be defined by sigma86(i)(s)* sum(over W86 in cell s) W86(i)=p86(s) ; Dropping the cell-specific notation for simplicity, the iterations are defined as follows: W8386(0)=W83*phi(1)*a*sigma8386(0) W86(0)=W8386(0)*phi(2)*a*sigma86(0) W8386(1)=W8386(0)*phi(1)*a*sigma8386(1) W86(1)=W8386(1)*phi(2)*a*sigma86(1) . . . . . . W8386(T)=W8386(T)*phi(1)*a*sigma8386(T) W86(T)=W8386(T)*phi(2)*a*sigma86(T) Implicitly, the final estimate of G for each case is given by G(T)= {product(i=0 to T) sigma8386(i)} * {product(i=0 to T) sigma86(i)} In terms of this notation, the difference between the sets of weights given in this codebook that use 1983 and 1986 data independently for post-stratification (C1013, C1015 and C1016) and the weights that use both years of data jointly (C1014, C1017 and C1018) is that the former uses only the first round of this iterative process while the latter is based on the 30th iteration (change is minimal after the 10th iteration). As discussed further below, however, this difference can also be interpreted in terms of the comparability of the household universes in each year. As we have proceeded, the estimation of the attrition adjustment model that underlies the calculation of a is a multi-stage process. A set of the 1983 final area-probability sample were excluded in 1986 when neither telephone nor address information was obtainable; all of the original high-income sample were approached. For the area-probability cases, a probit model is estimated for this first-stage exclusion (that adjustment is identically unity for the high-income cases). At the second stage, attrition is modeled separately for different 1983 populations: single males, single females and married couples. The modeling for the single people is straightforward; either the individuals were found or not found. The 1983 married couples are somewhat more complicated: if the couple remain married to each other, they can be found or not found; if they divorce, either can be found separately, or either or both can be not found. For this group, the probabilities of these events are computed using two models sequentially: the first model calculates the probability that both halves of a 1983 married couple are found (still married to each other, married to someone else, or as single people), and the second model calculates the probability that one person was found (either alone or married to someone else) given that both halves were not found. In terms of the notation above, the final estimate of a is given by ( Pr2(found), for 1983 single males, found; | | Pr3(found), for 1983 single female, found; | a = Pr1(in 1st | stage sample) * { Pr4(both found), for 1983 married couples, | both found; or | | (1-Pr4(both found))*Pr5(one found), for ( 1983 married couples, one found. All of these probability models were estimated as weighted probits using nearly the same set of independent variables drawn entirely from the 1983 data. These variables include: a quadratic spline on the age of the 1983 head of household, dummies for years of education, indicators of income (logarithm of total family income, dummy for capital income, logarithm of capital income, interactions of age of the head of the household with the logarithms of total family income and capital income), indicators of wealth (logarithm of net wealth, dummy for home ownership, dummy for mortgage on the principal residence, dummy for consumer debt and logarithm of consumer debt, dummy for credit card debt, logarithm of paper assets), household composition variables (number of people in the household, number of children in the household, age of the youngest and oldest children, dummy for children outside the household), an interaction term of the age of the head of the household with the dummy for homeownership, number of years the respondent had lived in the county of residence in 1983, a dummy reflecting whether the respondent had given "saving to buy a house" as a reason for saving in 1983, a dummy for membership in the high-income sample, and variables reflecting the level of interest and suspicion that interviewers perceived in the respondents in 1983. The post-stratification cells were designed to reflect CPS population characteristics while preserving differences due to different styles of measurement in the CPS and the SCF. For W8386, the post-stratification cells were a cross of 1983 family type (single female, single male, or married couple) by age class (1983 ages 22 to 41, 42 to 61, and 62 and over) by 1983 housing tenure (homeowner or not); for W86, 1986 characteristics were used to define identical cells except in the case of the age groups (age cells were 25 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 and over). The 1983 control totals were derived from the full sample of the 1983 SCF; to preserve subtle differences between Census and SRC sampling procedures, the 1986 control totals were calculated as the 1986 CPS cell counts less the difference between the counts for the same cells in the 1983 CPS and the 1983 SCF. The post-stratification procedures followed in creating these weights make implicit assumptions about the dynamics of the underlying household universe. For the versions of W8386 that reweight the sample to align with 1983 controls independently of 1986 information (C1015 and C1016), the assumption is simply that the adjusted 1986 sample is still representative of the population from which it was originally drawn. However, the question is somewhat more complex for the 1986 weights (C1013 and C1014) and the versions of W8386 that use both 1983 and 1986 information for post-stratification (C1017 and C1018); all of these weights implicitly assume that the 1986 household universe is simply an aging of the 1983 universe with additions at the younger end for newly-formed households. While it is obvious that this assumption is not strictly valid (e.g., there is immigration), there is little information available to assess how significantly it deviates from reality. As one check of this difference, we have taken the population of heads and spouses represented in the 1983 CPS, aged that population three years with adjustments for mortality, and compared it with the group of heads and spouses actually observed in the 1986 CPS (table 2). As expected, the largest deviations appear at the younger end of the age distribution where people are moving from living in institutional arrangements (dormitories, the military, jail, etc.) to living in households. While this difference is particularly great below the age 25 cut-off we have chosen in computing our weights, the pattern is pronounced into the 30s for both sexes. For older people, the differences reflect movements into institutional quarters, particularly nursing homes. However, it is surprising that this over-prediction begins in the 56 to 60 age group. This may reflect either substantial population shifts that we have not identified or errors in the mortality factors applied. Table 2 Difference in Actual and Predicted 1986 CPS Household Population, By Age Groups (Thousands of Persons) Age group Males Females Males and Females Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual -Predicted -Predicted -Predicted 21 to 25 2,719 4,417 3,105 6,219 5,824 10,636 26 to 30 1,555 7,753 1,053 8,825 2,608 16,578 31 to 35 558 8,206 530 9,139 1,088 17,345 36 to 40 272 7,682 129 8,358 401 16,041 41 to 45 -255 6,110 -99 6,642 -354 12,752 46 to 50 48 5,200 -66 5,528 -18 10,728 51 to 55 155 4,984 -4 5,367 152 10,351 56 to 60 -49 5,011 -88 5,569 -137 10,581 61 to 65 -260 4,572 2 5,479 -258 10,050 66 to 70 -157 3,787 -107 4,592 -264 8,379 71 to 75 -267 2,807 -248 3,781 -515 6,589 76 to 80 -156 1,736 -292 2,558 -447 4,294 Over 80 -490 1,245 -583 2,288 -1,073 3,529 One final complication for W8386 is the treatment of households that passed out of the sampled universe of households either by moving to an institution, or by dying (these cannot be distinguished from the data coded). For some purposes turning on questions of differential mortality, it may be useful to have estimates of the 1983 population including this group of households. For this reason, versions of W8386 including such households have been provided (C1016 and C1018). Note that W86 is identically zero for these cases. NON-RESPONSE AND IMPUTATIONS OF MISSING DATA In any household survey, some responses to survey questions will be missing due to respondents' lack of knowledge or unwillingness to answer. In keeping with most comparable surveys, extensive steps were undertaken to impute missing data for the 1983 and 1986 SCFs. The size and complexity of the SCF made imputation difficult. While the sample was too small to impute missing values with "hot deck" or matching techniques used by the Census Bureau, the comprehensiveness of the questionnaire offered opportunities for inference not found with shorter surveys, allowing the use of a number of different methods for imputation. For the 1983 survey, which was cleaned first, missing values were imputed using: (1) formulas based on respondent information that was closely related to the missing items; (2) randomized draws from conditional frequency distributions (used primarily for discrete variables); and (3) a variety of regression models (missing values were assigned the regression prediction plus a random disturbance designed to preserve the second moments of the sample). Income and asset regression imputations were done simultaneously, using an iterative technique in order to preserve their full covariance structures. The area-probability and high-income samples were handled separately. Missing values for all observations in the high-income sample were imputed. In the area-probability sample, however, 159 of the original 3824 observations in that sample were discarded because virtually all dollar amounts for income and assets were missing. For the remaining observations, all missing values were imputed. Similar methods were used to impute missing values for the 1986 survey. Specific account, however, was taken of the panel nature of the data. Thus, regression-based imputations used 1983 values (whether imputed or not) in the prediction equations. These procedures were designed to preserve the inter-temporal correlations among the data. Special problems were created, however, when data were originally missing in 1983, but not 1986. In these cases, it was necessary to re-impute 1983 values using 1986 data. As with the 1983 data, asset and income data were imputed simultaneously and the area-probability and high-income samples were handled separately. Several important qualifications should be made about the relative quality of the 1983 and 1986 data. The questionnaire for the 1983 survey was far more extensive than that for the 1986 survey; and the 1983 survey took place in person, while the 1986 survey was conducted by telephone. Some information, such as the value of principal residences and home mortgages, was solicited in similar ways in both years. Other data, such as financial assets, were collected in much more aggregated form in 1986. In making comparisons across the two years, three areas may be particularly subject to problems of measurement error. First, only the size of payments on consumer installment debts and some investment property mortgages were collected in 1986; thus, amounts outstanding on these debts had to be estimated using independent information on average terms. Second, for automobiles, only purchase data were collected in 1986; thus, assumptions had to be made about the treatment of existing automobiles to value the 1986 stock. Finally, it appears that problems in the ordering of questions in the business and employment sections of the 1986 survey caused many businesses to go unreported. While imputations were made in some of these instances based on 1983 data, we suspect that aggregate 1986 businesses in the survey are still underestimated. The significance of the imputation method is illustrated by the figures in table 3. Column 4 shows the percentage of owners in each of 12 asset and debt items who did not disclose the full dollar value of their holdings in 1986. Column 3 shows the percentage of the sample total value for each item that was created by imputation. As described, business items were particularly troublesome. Virtually every asset category, however, had at least 10 percent of its value imputed. Overall, 17.4 percent of the sample wealth was imputed. Table 3 Imputations -- FINAL SAMPLE -- -- IMPUTATIONS -- Percent Means of Percent Percent owning owners missing imputed ---------------------------------------------------------- ASSETS 97.3% 173663 38.5% 16.2% Principal residence 66.1% 80335 8.1% 5.7% Other real estate (gross) 22.1% 120124 22.5% 18.5% Public stock 19.8% 75594 20.3% 25.8% Bonds 20.6% 26359 13.3% 12.3% Check/savings accounts 88.7% 7709 22.6% 31.1% IRAs 27.1% 19580 8.2% 11.1% CDs/Money market 27.6% 33877 15.0% 17.9% Business assets (net) 12.8% 206413 56.5% 38.5% Automobiles 88.5% 7306 --- --- Profit sharing & thrifts 15.0% 27033 27.0% 16.9% Miscellaneous 44.6% 23512 3.2% 10.5% DEBT 82.8% 28745 33.0% 8.7% Principal residence debt 38.4% 34152 10.6% 9.4% Installment debt 76.1% 4476 30.5% 8.7% Other debt 22.2% 7782 3.4% 1.8% Other real estate debt 9.4% 59141 14.8% 9.4% NET WORTH 100.0% 145226 51.3% 17.4% INCOME (GROSS) 100.0% 31731 6.8% 7.9% *Figures for gross assets, debts and networth are the percentage or asset or debt owners or for net worth, the entire sample of households aged 25 or older, who are missing any asset, debt, or wealth item. **This is the percentage of the aggregate weighted sample total of each item which was imputed. COMPARABILITY WITH OTHER DATA Wealth information, and particularly data on changes in wealth at the household level, are not available from many sources. Perhaps the finest sources of household wealth data are the Federal Reserve Board's 1963 Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers (SFCC), and the follow-up re-interview survey in 1964. Methodological work for this survey was conducted by the SRC, with interviewing performed by the Bureau of the Census. Like the 1983 SCF, the 1963 SFCC collected a more detailed inventory of assets and liabilities than is customary in other consumer surveys. The 1963 survey also used Federal tax information to oversample high-income households. A cross-section sample of housing units stratified by income reported in the 1960 Decennial Census was chosen to represent households with incomes below $50,000. Households with incomes of $50,000 or more were selected from a sample of 1960 Federal income tax returns. Although this sample selection procedure is not exactly the same as that used for the 1983 survey, it produced a heavy over-sampling of households in the upper end of the income distribution, making the 1963 sample the only household survey sample comparable to the full 1983 SCF sample. Current data on wealth are available from the Internal Revenue Service, which uses federal estate tax returns to estimate total household wealth and its percentage distribution. Unfortunately, data from this source are available only in aggregate form, with very limited demographic breakdowns. Another source is the 1979 Income Survey Development Program of the Department of Health and Human Services, which provides information for a sample of households larger than that of most other surveys of wealth. The New York Stock Exchange has also periodically conducted surveys of household stockholders, doing a survey at roughly the same time as the 1983 SCF and, more recently, in 1985. Wealth data was also collected on respondents to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) in 1984. The most comprehensive recent survey of household wealth was conducted in 1984 (and repeated annually since) by the Bureau of the Census on participants in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This survey solicited information similar to the SCF for a very large sample of households. Its initial panel was a random cross-section of about 21,000 households selected by procedures similar to those used to select the area-probability sample for the 1983 SCF. Net worth information was collected between September and December 1984. Aggregate wealth estimates from the earlier Surveys of Consumer Finances and SIPP are generally comparable to those from the area-probability sample of the 1983 SCF in their understatement of aggregate wealth relative estimates from independent sources. Using comparably defined categories, we estimate an aggregate net worth for the 1983 SCF area-probability sample of $8,277 billion versus a $7,740 billion total for the SIPP sample. The difference derives primarily from a smaller estimate of small business assets in the SIPP. The full-sample SCF estimate of the same net wealth concept is $9,610 billion. Thus, it appears that the major difference between the two surveys arises from the inclusion of the high-income sample in the SCF. The annual March Current Population Survey is perhaps the most comprehensive U.S. household economic survey, soliciting economic information from approximately 59,000 households. The representativeness of the 1986 SCF is demonstrated by a comparison of the sample distribution of various demographic variables for the SCF and comparable March 1986 CPS survey in table 4. The CPS data are given for "primary families" defined comparably to families in the SCF. As can be seen, the 1986 SCF has a very similar distribution for most items. Table 4 A Comparison of the 1986 SCF and CPS SCF CPS Number Weighted Number Weighted of cases share of cases share -------------------- --------------------- Age (head) 34 or less married 661 16.9 9922 15.7 unmarried male 223 6.2 3435 6.2 unmarried female 273 7.6 4105 7.2 35 to 44 married 555 13.6 7830 13.6 unmarried male 71 1.8 1388 2.7 unmarried female 151 4.1 2165 4.2 45 to 54 married 492 10.5 6253 10.1 unmarried male 70 1.7 912 1.7 unmarried female 118 3.2 1735 3.0 55 to 64 married 475 9.7 5967 9.5 unmarried male 62 1.5 897 1.5 unmarried female 136 3.7 2130 3.6 65 or more married 452 9.9 5532 9.7 unmarried male 74 1.8 1437 2.3 unmarried female 290 7.7 5293 9.2 Race Caucasian 3468 82.3 47515 86.6 Nonwhite or Hispanic 635 17.7 11486 12.4 Family Income less than $10,000 912 24.0 15053 21.3 $10,000 to $19,999 982 26.8 15580 23.1 $20,000 to $29,999 711 19.3 12072 18.9 $30,000 to $49,999 717 19.7 11533 22.7 $50,000 to $99,999 309 8.2 4480 12.3 $100,000 or more 472 2.0 283 1.7 Homeownership 2766 63.4 38320 63.8 Education of the Head 0 to 8 grades 560 14.5 9155 12.8 9 to 12 grades 1713 44.9 27269 46.5 some college 678 17.7 10355 18.6 college graduate 1152 22.9 12222 22.1 Labor Force Participation single not working 635 17.0 11130 19.3 single, working 833 22.4 12367 22.2 married, neither working 389 9.8 7088 6.2 married, one working 1077 23.0 14023 22.8 married, both working 1169 27.8 14393 29.5 Totals 4103 100.0 59001 100.0 The representative quality of the 1986 SCF data can also be evaluated by a comparison with aggregate data sources. The most comparable of these is the Flow-of-Funds (FOF) accounts. A comparison of the levels of various wealth items from the 1983 SCF and FOF accounts shows remarkable consistency, heretofore not observed with survey data (see Avery, Elliehausen, and Kennickell (1988)). Survey-based estimates for many asset and debt categories were within 5 to 15 percent of aggregate estimates drawn from the Flow-of-Funds (FOF) accounts for the same time period. Moreover, the sign of the discrepancy was not consistent -- survey-based estimates were not systematically higher or lower than FOF estimates. Estimates did differ substantially for checking and savings accounts, business, and some real estate categories. However, since these are areas where there are significant problems in the FOF, it is not clear whether discrepancies stem from measurement problems in the survey-based estimates or from the FOF or both. A similar comparison can be made to see if changes in aggregate household wealth as measured by survey data correspond to changes as measured by the FOF. Table 5 shows estimates of levels and changes in levels of household wealth from FOF and the 1983 and 1986 SCFs. The survey estimates given are weighted sums of the various asset types using the appropriate statistical sampling weights. For all categories except stocks and bonds and other debt, the match of survey and FOF growth rates are roughly in the same ranges. The problems with debts may stem from the methods used to estimate outstanding amounts. The behavior of stocks is more puzzling. One explanation may be that because the 1986 survey was a less detailed survey than the 1983 survey, respondents may have been less rigorous in recalling exact market values of shares. In a time of rapidly rising share prices, this may have induced substantial bias. Table 5 A Comparison of Survey-based Wealth AggregatesWith Flow-of-Funds Estimates ($ Billions) Survey Flow of Funds Item 1983 1986 %Growth 1983 1986 %Growth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Financial Institution accounts/CDs 1032.9 1417.0 37.2% 1832.5 2485.3 35.6% Stocks/bonds 1543.8 2088.6 35.3% 1438.3 2456.9 70.8% Principal Residences 4276.4 5112.6 19.6% 2703.4 3388.3 25.3% Non-corp. business 1852.8 1951.6 5.3% 2347.1 2415.6 2.9% Home mortgages 995.4 1293.8 30.0% 1064.6 1480.6 39.1% Other Debt 224.9 468.6 108.4% 332.8 519.7 56.2% --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Classifications are not exhaustive and differ from those used in previous tables. The 1986 survey figures were extrapolated to include households under 25. The Flow-of-Funds estimates were adjusted to take out non-profit holdings. MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS In the remainder of the manual, information is given on all the variables included in the final data set. A brief description is given for each variable along with information on imputation and a listing of the values that the variable takes on. The question number corresponding to the actual 1986 survey questionnaire (e.g. H6) is also given for all variables except recodes. Variables are listed by number, with the numeric code used as the basis of the variable's internal name in the survey's SAS data set. All variables listed here have a "C" prefix followed by a four digit number ranging from 1001 to 1976. The original uncleaned survey responses are contained in variables with a "W" prefix. These variables range from W1 to W1359. The codes for the "W" variables are described in the original survey codebook released by the SRC. We note, though, that the "C" variables contain all the same types of information as those contained in the "W" variables, as well as additional, constructed variables. Thus, for most analyses, it is possible to use the "C" variables without reference to the "W" variables. Much of the time, the 1986 data will be used in conjunction with data from the 1983 SCF. The 1983 variables are denoted by "B" prefixes for the recodes and "V" variables for the original uncleaned responses. The 1983 variables are described fully in the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances: Technical Manual and Codebook. The range of allowable values for the variables is also given. The symbol xxxx is used for continuous variables with a statement of the units used and the sample range. For discrete variables with a small number of allowable codes, all possible values and their meanings are listed. The number of sample cases (out of the 2,822 observations for the 1986 survey) taking on each value of discrete variables is also given. If the listing is for several variables (such as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd reasons for saving), then the case totals are given for the listed variables, in order, separated by slashes (e.g. 123/45/87 cases). If a variable reflects 1983 data, case totals will be for the 1986 sample, not the 1983 sample. Although useful in giving a flavor of the distribution of responses to questions, these case listings should not be used for statistical purposes, as they are unweighted distributions. Most of the information collected for the 1986 SCF applies to the entire family unit. Some information, however, such as employment, marital history, and pension income, was collected individually for the survey respondent and their spouse (if he or she had one). For married couples, the respondent could have been either the husband or the wife. Unlike the 1983 datafile, the 1986 survey file is arranged by "respondent" and "spouse." This was done because the 1986 respondent had to be in the 1983 survey. Thus, there are always 1983 variables for the 1986 respondent, but not necessarily for the respondent's spouse (who could be a new spouse). To facilitate inter-year comparisons, the 1983 data have been rearranged on the 1986 tape to 1986 respondent and the 1983 spouse of the 1986 respondent. If another order is desired, such as 1986 "head" and "spouse," (where head is always the husband for married couples), the data can be easily reordered. Several variables, -- C1004, C1005 and C1006 -- can be used to do this. Several different codes are used in the data set, including: (1) The code "1" is almost always used for the answer "yes" to a question; (2) The code "3" is generally used for the answer "sometimes" or "maybe"; (3) The code "5" is almost always used for the answer "no" to a question; (4) The code "-4" is used to denote a "small negative number"; (5) The code "-6" is used to denote the answer "none," which is sometimes differentiated from zero; (6) The code "-7" is used to denote a special "other" response which does not fit into existing codes. SRC has cards indicating what the actual response is. "-7" is also sometimes used to denote answers like "forever" or "never" when used for continuous variables; (7) The code "-8" is used to denote the answer "don't know" (DK). Most DKs have been imputed, but some still exist for selected variables where imputation is not appropriate (e.g. attitudinal variables); (8) The code "-9" is used to denote "not answered" (NA). This indicates either that the interviewer inadvertently did not ask a question or that a respondent refused to answer. Most NAs have been imputed, but a few remain; (9) The code "0" is generally used to denote cases where a variable is inappropriate for a particular observation because the question which underlies the variable was not asked. For example, questions on spouses would be inappropriate for single households. Note that sometimes a question is asked, but the answer given is none or zero (such as "my business is worth nothing"). These answers are generally coded as -6 not 0. There are some instances, particularly with recoded variables, where 0 does denote none or nothing. All variables on the tape are integers. All dollar amounts are given in whole dollars (although in answering the questions respondents may have rounded). Some variables had to be rescaled so that information would not be lost (such as percentage answers which are generally multiplied by 100). WEIGHTS AND I.D. CODES Observation Code C1 (1986) OBSERVATION CODE. B1 (1983) This is a unique observation identifier. It corresponds to the case I.D. on the actual interview facesheet It was assigned chronologically in the order the 1986 (or 1983) interviews were processed. xxxx. code (1 to 4288) Sample Codes C1001 1986 SAMPLE CODE. This code indicates whether the observation is in the full 1986 sample. FOR MOST ANALYSIS WE RECOMMEND THAT HOUSEHOLDS AGED 24 OR LESS BE EXCLUDED. 1. Regular 1986 sample (2791 cases) 2. in 1986 sample but household head (restricted to respondent or spouse) aged 24 or less (31 cases) 0. not in 1986 sample C1002 1983 SAMPLE CODE. This code indicates whether the observation is a duplicate for the 1983 sample (because both a respondent and spouse of a split household were interviewed). 1. observation in the 1983 sample (2781 cases) 0. observation a duplicate in 1983 sample (41 cases) C1003 MATCHED PAIR. This variable indicates if the observation is a matched pair. That is a split where the 1983 respondent and his/her spouse divorced or separated following the 1983 interview and each was interviewed separately in 1986. 1. matched pair (82 cases) 5. not a matched pair (2740 cases) B3001 HIGH-INCOME SAMPLE. This variable indicates whether the observation is in the area probability or high income sample. 1. high-income sample (359 cases) 2. area probability "cleaned" sample (2463 cases) C1004 SWITCH SAMPLE TO 1983 HEAD/SPOUSE. This variable indicates whether data for respondent and spouse must be switched to align the data to 1983 head and 1983 spouse. The current data alignment for both the 1983 and 1986 data is 1986 respondent and the 1986 (1983) spouse of the 1986 respondent. 1. sample must be switched to align as 1983 head/spouse (xxxx cases) 0. sample already aligned as 1983 head/spouse (xxxx cases) C1005 SWITCH SAMPLE TO 1983 RESPONDENT/SPOUSE. This variable indicates whether data for respondent and spouse must be switched to align the data to 1983 respondent and 1983 spouse. The current data alignment for both the 1983 and 1986 data is 1986 respondent and the 1986 (1983) spouse of the 1986 respondent. 1. sample must be switched to align as 1983 respondent/spouse (xxxx cases) 0. sample already aligned as 1983 respondent/spouse (xxxx cases) C1006 SWITCH SAMPLE TO 1986 HEAD/SPOUSE. This variable indicates whether data for respondent and spouse must be switched to align the data to 1986 head and 1986 spouse. The current data alignment for both the 1983 and 1986 data is 1986 respondent and the 1986 (1983) spouse of the 1986 respondent. 1. sample must be switched to align as 1986 head/spouse (xxxx cases) 0. sample already aligned as 1986 head/spouse (xxxx cases) SRC Weights C1007 SRC 1986 CROSS-SECTION COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1983 BASE) The 1986 cross-section weights for the 1986 sample, post-stratified by 1983 population counts. xxxxxx. weight (xxxxx to xxx,xxx cases) 0. INAP, high-income sample (359 cases) C1008 SRC 1986 HIGH-INCOME COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1983 BASE) The 1986 high-income sample weights, post-stratified by 1983 population counts. xxxxx. weight (xxx to xx,xxx cases) 0. INAP, area probability sample (2463 cases) C1009 SRC 1986 COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1983 BASE) The 1986 composite weight for the entire 1986 sample, post-stratified by 1983 population counts. xxxxx. weight (81 to 81,693 cases) C1010 SRC 1986 CROSS-SECTION COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1986 BASE) The 1986 cross-section weights for the 1986 sample, post-stratified by 1986 population counts. xxxxxx. weight (11,064 to 79,624 cases) 0. INAP, high-income sample (359 cases) C1011 SRC 1986 HIGH-INCOME COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1986 BASE) The 1986 high-income sample weights, post-stratified by 1986 population counts. xxxxx. weight (42 to 16,838 cases) 0. INAP, area probability sample (2463 cases) C1012 SRC 1986 COMPOSITE WEIGHT (1986 BASE) The 1986 composite weight for the entire 1986 sample, post-stratified by 1986 population counts. xxxxx. weight (86 to 87,204 cases) FRB Weights FRB staff have computed sets of weights for the 1986 respondent households that fit those households to the 1983 population structure ("1983/86 weights") and to the 1986 population structure ("1986 weights"). These weights differ from the SRC weights. The SRC weights are developed using simple proportional adjustments of the original 1983 weights for nonresponse within the original sampling units and adjustments for changes in the marital status. The construction of the FRB weights is dicussed in detail in the introduction to this codebook; briefly, the FRB weights use a variety of information provided by the respondent in the 1983 wave of the survey to compute model-based attrition adjustments to the original 1983 weight, further adjustments are made for changes in marital status of these households, and the resulting weight is post-stratified to control totals derived from the Current Population Survey. Several versions of the 1983/86 and 1986 weights are provided. These weights differ in the way the post-stratification is treated, and, in the case of the 1983/86 weights, in how respondents who died or who were institutionalized are treated. In the case of the 1986 weights, while weights are given for households with heads aged less than 25 in 1986, for the reasons given in the introduction, it is strongly recommended that these cases be deleted for most analyses. C1013 FRB 1986 WEIGHT #1 This weight was post-stratified to 1986 CPS control totals independently. This weight is zero for all cases not interviewed in 1986. C1014 FRB 1986 WEIGHT #2 This weight was computed iteratively with C1017 (or, equivalently, C1018) using the technique described in the introduction to post-stratify the weights using information on the population structure in both years. This weight is recommended for analysis of the re-interview sample as a cross-section representative of the 1986 population structure. This weight is zero for all cases not interviewed in 1986. C1015 FRB 1983/86 WEIGHT #1 This weight was post-stratified to 1983 CPS control totals independently. This weight is zero for all respondents who died or were institutionalized since the 1983 survey. C1016 VARIABLE DELETED C1017 FRB 1983/86 WEIGHT #3 This weight was computed iteratively with C1014 using the technique described in the introduction to post-stratify the weights using information on the population structure in both years. This weight is zero for all respondents who died or were institutionalized since the 1983 survey. This weight is recommended for analysis involving changes for individual families between 1983 and 1986. C1018 VARIABLE DELETED HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS Persons in Household C1101 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD (PRIMARY FAMILY). The total number of people in the household (or primary family) referred to throughout the questionnaire. This sum excludes all individuals who live in the household unit (dwelling) but are not members of the primary family. Household composition is taken from the interviewer coding sheet (see C1138 - C1176) and includes only persons coded as relatives of respondent. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3101. No missing values. 1. one (578 cases) 2. two (946 cases) 3. three (462 cases) 4. four (518 cases) 5. five (209 cases) 6. six (74 cases) 7. seven (22 cases) 8. eight (8 cases) 9. nine (1 cases) 10. ten (3 cases) 13. thirteen (1 case) C1102 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD 18 OR OLDER. This total excludes any non-related persons who live in the household structure but are not members of the primary family. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. The respondent or spouse will be included here even if under age 18. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3102. No missing values. 1. one (701 cases) 2. two (1616 cases) 3. three (334 cases) 4. four (133 cases) 5. five (28 cases) 6. six (9 cases) 7. seven (1 case) C1103 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD 65 OR OLDER. This total excludes any non-related persons who live in the household structure but are not in the primary family. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3103. No missing values. 1. one (446 cases) 2. two (292 cases) 3. three (5 cases) 0. no household members 65 or older (2079 cases) C1104 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD UNDER 18. This total excludes any non-related persons who live in the household structure but are not in the primary family. (C1104 plus C1102 will equal C1201.) Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. Respondent or spouse are not included here even if under 18. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3104. No missing values. 1. one (412 cases) 2. two (446 cases) 3. three (144 cases) 4. four (44 cases) 5. five (14 cases) 6. six (5 cases) 7. seven (1 cases) 0. no household members under 18 (1756 cases) C1105 AGE OF YOUNGEST CHILD UNDER 18. Excludes any non-related persons who live in the household structure but are not in the primary family. It includes all children under 18, not just the children of the respondent and/or spouse. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. Neither respondent nor spouse will be listed here, even if under 18. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3105. No missing values. 1. one (155 cases) 2. two (77 cases) 3. three (73 cases) 4. four (78 cases) 5. five (61 cases) 6. six (47 cases) 7. seven (42 cases) 8. eight (62 cases) 9. nine (55 cases) 10. ten (44 cases) 11. eleven (45 cases) 12. twelve (44 cases) 13. thirteen (58 cases) 14. fourteen (53 cases) 15. fifteen (58 cases) 16. sixteen (59 cases) 17. seventeen (55 cases) 0. no household members under 18 (1756 cases) C1106 AGE OF OLDEST CHILD UNDER 18. Excludes any non-related persons who live in the household structure but are not in the primary family. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. Respondent or spouse are not listed here even if under 18. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3106. No missing values. 1. one (39 cases) 2. two (37 cases) 3. three (44 cases) 4. four (46 cases) 5. five (46 cases) 6. six (48 cases) 7. seven (37 cases) 8. eight (47 cases) 9. nine (51 cases) 10. ten (56 cases) 11. eleven (47 cases) 12. twelve (60 cases) 13. thirteen (78 cases) 14. fourteen (71 cases) 15. fifteen (108 cases) 16. sixteen (124 cases) 17. seventeen (127 cases) 0. no household members under 18 (1756 cases) C1107 TOTAL NUMBER OF YOUNGER RELATIVES IN HOUSEHOLD 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all children, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, or great-grandchildren of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are 18 or older. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. No missing values. 1. one (346 cases) 2. two (145 cases) 3. three (29 cases) 4. four (8 cases) 5. five (1 cases) 0. no such household members (2293 cases) C1108 TOTAL NUMBER OF SAME-AGE RELATIVES IN HOUSEHOLD 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all siblings, cousins or relatives of unknown relationship of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are 18 or older. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. No missing values. 1. one (31 cases) 2. two (8 cases) 3. three (3 cases) 0. no such household members (2780 cases) C1109 TOTAL NUMBER OF OLDER RELATIVES IN HOUSEHOLD 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all parents, grandparents, aunts or uncles of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are 18 or older. Age is determined from the interviewer coding sheet. No missing values. 1. one (71 cases) 2. two (24 cases) 3. three (1 case) 0. no such household members (2726 cases) C1110 NUMBER OF CHILDREN OF RESPONDENT/SPOUSE NOT LIVING WITH THEM The number of children of either the respondent or spouse who do not live in the household (thus not included in totals above). This should include children of previous marriages living with former spouses or older children in college or on their own. No persons listed on the interviewer coding sheet (see C1138 - C1176) are included here. Up to nine children not living with the respondent and spouse are identified by age in variables C1177 to C1186. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3107. No missing values. 1. one (373 cases) 2. two (470 cases) 3. three (346 cases) 4. four (197 cases) 5. five (109 cases) 6. six (58 cases) 7. seven (39 cases) 8. eight (20 cases) 9. nine (10 cases) 10. ten (6 cases) 11. eleven (4 cases) 12. twelve (2 cases) 13. thirteen (1 case) 14. fourteen (1 case) 15. fifteen (1 case) 16. sixteen (1 case) 0. none (1184 cases) question: A1a C1111 TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN OF RESPONDENT AND/OR SPOUSE. The total number of living children of respondent and/or spouse including those non-resident in the household (C1110 plus children of respondent and/or spouse included in C1101). The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3108. No missing values. 1. one (381 cases) 2. two (795 cases) 3. three (531 cases) 4. four (326 cases) 5. five (186 cases) 6. six (79 cases) 7. seven (54 cases) 8. eight (34 cases) 9. nine (14 cases) 10. ten (10 cases) 11. eleven (9 cases) 12. twelve (5 cases) 13. thirteen (2 cases) 14. fourteen (1 case) 15. fifteen (1 case) 16. sixteen (1 case) 17. seventeen (1 case) 0. none (392 cases) C1112 HOUSEHOLD UNIT COMPOSITION CODE. Type of household unit. Describes residents of the household unit or dwelling. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3109. 1. nuclear family -- single persons living by themselves or only with spouse and/or children (2562 cases) 2. extended family -- nuclear family plus other related persons living in the household (brother, parent, etc.) (192 cases) 3. unrelated persons only -- household dwelling includes only respondent plus other unrelated individuals (roommates etc.) These individuals would be termed unrelated individuals or residents of group quarters by the U.S. Census Bureau (48 cases) 4. nuclear family plus -- household dwelling includes nuclear family (respondent plus spouse and/or children) plus at least one unrelated individual (a U.S. Census-defined unrelated subfamily, formerly called a secondary family, or an unrelated individual) (15 cases) 5. extended family plus -- household dwelling includes extended family (respondent plus other relatives) plus at least one unrelated individual (a U.S. Census-defined unrelated subfamily or unrelated individual) (5 cases) Household Characteristics C1113 (1986) AGE OF HEAD BY DATE OF BIRTH. C1114 (1983) The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. No missing values. xx. years (17 to 95) C1115 (1986) AGE OF SPOUSE BY DATE OF BIRTH. C1116 (1983) For married couples, the spouse is always the wife. No missing values. xx. years (17 to 90) 0. INAP, no spouse (915/864 cases) C1117 (1986) SEX OF HEAD. C1118 (1983) The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. No missing values. 1. male (2200/2244 cases) 2. female (622/578 cases) C1119 (1986) STATUS OF OF HEAD. C1120 (1983) The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. No missing values. 1. married (or partner) in household listing (1907/1958 cases) 2. single male (293/286 cases) 3. single female (622/578 cases) C1121 AGE OF HEAD BY DATE OF BIRTH -- RECODE. A recode of C1113. The comparable variable for 1983 is B3110. 1. under 25 (31 cases) 2. 25-34 (522 cases) 3. 35-44 (596 cases) 4. 45-54 (507 cases) 5. 55-64 (491 cases) 6. 65-74 (440 cases) 7. 75 and over (235 cases) C1122 1986 AGE OF HEAD--ADJUSTED. Some 1986 respondents moved into households in which, had the same criteria been applied as in 1983, they would not have been selected as the respondent (or spouse of a respondent). An example of this would be a divorced woman who has moved back to her parents' home. The variable C1113 above restricts the selection of "head" to the 1986 survey respondent or their spouse. C1122 indicates who would have been selected as the head of the 1986 household, had the 1983 criteria been imposed, and gives his/her age. This variable differs from C1113 in 27 cases. C1122 is used in place of C1113 in constructing the 1986 weight post-stratifications. No missing values. xx. years (20 to 95) C1123 1986 AGE OF SPOUSE--ADJUSTED. This variable has been adjusted the same way as C1122. It differs from C1115 in 17 cases. No missing values. xx. years (17 to 90) 0. INAP, adjusted head did not have spouse (900 cases) C1124 1986 STATUS OF HEAD--ADJUSTED. This variable has been adjusted as were C1122 and C1123. It differs from C1119 in 24 cases. No missing values. 1. married (or with partner) in household listing (1923 cases) 2. single male (280 cases) 3. single female (619 cases) B3111 RACE OF HOUSEHOLD. Variable is the observed race of the 1983 survey respondent. This variable is taken from the 1983 file for all households surviving into the 1986 survey. 1. caucasian except hispanic 2. black except hispanic 3. hispanic 4. American Indian or Alaskan native 5. Asian or Pacific islander C1125 (1986) MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENT. C1126 (1983) No missing values. 1. legally married (1884/1894 cases) 2. separated (77/88 cases) 3. divorced (320/276 cases) 4. widowed (315/258 cases) 5. never married (203/242 cases) 6. partner or common-law spouse in the household listing, but treated as married. Marital data is given as though married (21/64 cases) 7. partner, same as code 6. However, the partner is the same as the previous spouse (1983 survey). Couple is legally divided separated. heir current arrangement is treated as a new marriage (2/0 cases) question: A2 C1127 EDUCATION OF HEAD -- RECODE. A recode of C1630 through C1730. The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. Most of the education data was collected in 1983. The comparable 1983 variable is B3113. 1. 0-8 grades (324 cases) 2. 9-12 grades, no high school diploma (302 cases) 3. high school diploma or equivalent, no college (832 cases) 4. some college, no college degree (481 cases) 5. college degree (883 cases) C1128 OCCUPATION OF HEAD -- RECODE. Recode of current job if working, or previous job if retired, disabled, or unemployed. The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. The comparable 1983 variable is B3114. 1. professional, technical, and kindred workers (416 cases) 2. managers and administrators (except farm) (400 cases) 3. self-employed managers (136 cases) 4. sales, clerical, and kindred workers (266 cases) 5. craftsmen, protective service, and kindred workers (328 cases) 6. operatives, laborers, and service workers (410 cases) 7. farmers and farm managers (42 cases) 8. miscellaneous (members of armed services, housewives, students, other occupations and those who have never worked) (784 cases) C1129 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION -- RECODE. The comparable 1983 variable is B3115. 1. single household, not in labor force (385 cases) 2. single household, in labor force (528 cases) 3. respondent and spouse household, neither in labor force (282 cases) 4. respondent and spouse household, one in labor force (717 cases) 5. respondent and spouse household, both in labor force (908 cases) C1130 LIFE-CYCLE STAGE OF HOUSEHOLD. The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. The comparable 1983 variable is B3116. No missing values. 1. head under age 45, unmarried, no children (217 cases) 2. head under age 45, married, no children (137 cases) 3. head under age 45, married, youngest child under 6 years (337 cases) 4. head under age 45, married, youngest child 6 years and over (309 cases) 5. head age 45 and over, married, has children (448 cases) 6. head age 45 and over, married, no children, head retired (239 cases) 7. head age 45 and over, married, no children, head in labor force (437 cases) 8. head age 45 and over, unmarried, no children, head retired (303 cases) 9. head age 45 and over, unmarried, no children, head in labor force (132 cases) 10. head any age, unmarried, has children (263 cases) C1131 LIFE-CYCLE STAGE OF HOUSEHOLD (#2). The head is the respondent for single persons and the husband for married couples. No missing values. 1. neither respondent or spouse 65 or over, with some relative of respondent or spouse, over age 18, living in household, but no relatives under 18 (742 cases) 2. neither respondent or spouse 65 or over, no other relatives living in household (347 cases) 3. either respondent or spouse 65 or over, with some relative of respondent or spouse, over age 18, living in household, but no relatives under 18 (436 cases) 4. either respondent or spouse 65 or over, no other relatives living in household (231 cases) 5. head married, relatives 18 or under living in household (854 cases) 6. female-headed household (must be single), relatives 18 or under living in the household, but no relative over 18 (147 cases) 7. unmarried head, relatives 18 or under in the household, and either male-headed or female-headed with other relatives over 18 present (65 cases) C1301 TOTAL 1985 HOUSEHOLD INCOME. Total reported income. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3201. No missing values. xxxxxxx. dollars (-200,000 to 5,000,000) C1302 TOTAL 1985 HOUSEHOLD INCOME -- RECODED. A recode of C1301. The comparable variable for the 1983 survey is B3203. 1. less than $5,000 (168 cases) 2. $5,000-7,499 (162 cases) 3. $7,500-9,999 (103 cases) 4. $10,000-14,999 (260 cases) 5. $15,000-19,999 (259 cases) 6. $20,000-24,999 (239 cases) 7. $25,000-29,999 (240 cases) 8. $30,000-39,999 (371 cases) 9. $40,000-49,999 (749 cases) 10. $50,000 and more (781 cases) Geographic Location C1132 REGION OF THE COUNTRY. Not given for the high-income sample. The comparable 1983 variable is B3117. 1. Northeast (Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, Pennsylvania) (480 cases) 2. North Central (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, South Dakota) (741 cases) 3. South (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia) (857 cases) 4. West (Alaska, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Wyoming) (385 cases) 0. high-income sample (359 cases) C1133 SMSA CODE. This variable was coded according to SMSA territorial definitions as of March 1983. Not given for the high-income sample. The variable is similar to B3120. 1. SMSAs with more than 1,000,000 population in 1983 (701 cases) 2. SMSAs with less than 1,000,000 population in 1983 (959 cases) 3. areas not in an SMSA (803 cases) 0. high-income sample (359 cases) C1134. STATE. Observations from only xx states (plus D.C.) are included in the survey. This code is given to help facilitate data matches. The individual state data, however, is not representative and should not be used to represent the state. The code given is the same as the census FIPS code. Not given for the high-income sample. The comparable 1983 variable is B3121. 1. Alabama (22 cases) 2. Alaska (2 cases) 4. Arizona (22 cases) 5. Arkansas (119 cases) 6. California (188 cases) 8. Colorado (30 cases) 9. Connecticut (40 cases) 11. District of Columbia (4 cases) 12. Florida (88 cases) 13. Georgia (73 cases) 17. Illinois (119 cases) 18. Indiana (31 cases) 19. Iowa (63 cases) 20. Kansas (3 cases) 21. Kentucky (49 cases) 22. Louisiana (51 cases) 23. Maine (28 cases) 24. Maryland (30 cases) 25. Massachusetts (68 cases) 26. Michigan (129 cases) 27. Minnesota (43 cases) 28. Mississippi (29 cases) 29. Missouri (77 cases) 31. Nebraska (33 cases) 32. Nevada (1 case) 34. New Jersey (89 cases) 36. New York (126 cases) 37. North Carolina (113 cases) 39. Ohio (156 cases) 40. Oklahoma (38 cases) 41. Oregon (52 cases) 42. Pennsylvania (127 cases) 44. Rhode Island (1 case) 45. South Carolina (41 cases) 46. South Dakota (52 cases) 47. Tennessee (44 cases) 48. Texas (69 cases) 49. Utah (45 cases) 50. Vermont (1 case) 51. Virginia (57 cases) 53. Washington (44 cases) 54. West Virginia (30 cases) 55. Wisconsin (35 cases) 56. Wyoming (1 case) 0. high-income sample (359 cases) Respondent C1135 SURVEY RESPONDENT. The individual with whom the survey was conducted. All 1986 respondents were either 1983 respondents or the spouse of a 1983 respondent. The variable indicates whether the head (husband, if married) or spouse (wife) was the actual interview respondent. 1. head (2012 cases) 2. spouse (810 cases) C1605 SEX OF RESPONDENT 1. male (1390 cases) 2. female (1432 cases) C1136 CHANGE IN RESPONDENT. Indicates whether the 1986 respondent was also the respondent in the 1983 interview. No missing values. 1. same respondent as in 1983 (2671 cases) 5. respondent is or was the spouse of the 1983 respondent (151 cases) Household Unit (Dwelling) Residents C1137 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS LIVING IN HOUSEHOLD UNIT/DWELLING This includes all persons in the primary family, plus any other unrelated non-family household members who share the same dwelling unit. Persons listed here thus qualify as members of what the U.S. Census Bureau defines as the household (or group quarters) and what SRC calls residents of the household unit. Individuals are included as residents of the household unit if: (1) it was their usual and only place of residence (even if absent at the time of the interview); or (2), he/she were physically living in the household unit at the time of the interview and a place of residence was maintained for them there (thus he/she could have other residences). A listing of the individuals living in the household unit is given in variables C1138 to C1176. Information is available for each individual on age, sex, membership in the survey household, and relationship to the head (husband, if married) of the primary family. 1. one (530 cases) 2. two (975 cases) 3. three (469 cases) 4. four (523 cases) 5. five (215 cases) 6. six (74 cases) 7. seven (20 cases) 8. eight (10 cases) 9. nine (2 cases) 11. eleven (3 cases) 13. thirteen (1 case) C1138 (#1) INDIVIDUAL'S RELATIONSHIP TO HOUSEHOLD HEAD. C1141 (#2) Unrelated individuals (codes 31-39) are not included in the C1144 (#3) primary family (survey household). Characteristics of up C1147 (#4) to 13 individuals in the household unit are given, with C1150 (#5) information as recorded on the interviewer coding sheet. No C1153 (#6) missing values. C1156 (#7) C1159 (#8) 1. head (husband, if married) (always in position #1) C1162 (#9) (2822/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) C1165 (#10) 2. spouse (wife) (always in position #2, if applicable) C1168 (#11) (0/1885/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) C1171 (#12) 3. "partner" or "common-law spouse" (wife) (always in C1174 (#13) position #2, if applicable. This is treated as a married spouse in answering throughout the survey) (0/23/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 4. child (and in-law or step-children) (0/242/1198/787/292/93/29/9/2/2/0/0/0 cases) 5. grandchild (and in-law or step-grandchildren) (0/6/16/28/16/12/4/3/2/1/1/1/1 cases) 6. parent (and in-law or step-parents) (0/48/58/6/0/0/0/0//0/0/0/0/0 cases) 7. grandparent (and in-law or step-grandparents) (0/5/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 8. aunt/uncle (and in-law or step-) (0/3/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 9. cousin (and in-law or step-) (0/4/2/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 10. niece/nephew (and in-law or step-) (0/4/8/4/3/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 11. brother/sister (and in-law or step-) (0/22/13/10/6/2/1/8/2/1/0/0/0/0 cases) 12. great-grandchildren (and in-law or step-) (0/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/0/0/0 cases) 29. other relative (card given) (0/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 31. roommate -- not included in survey household (0/22/5/1/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 32. friend -- not included in survey household (0/24/7/4/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 34. roomer/lodger/boarder -- not included in survey household (0/0/0/1/3/1/1/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 35. live-in help, maid -- not included in survey household (0/1/3/3/0/0/0/2/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 39. other unrelated persons -- not included in survey household (0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 41. foster children -- not included in survey household (0/0/1/1/1/0/0/1/1/0/0/0/0 cases) 42. former spouse (pre-1983) not living as "partners" -- not included in survey household (0/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 43. friend or roommates child -- not included in survey household (0/0/2/2/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 44. former spouse's child (not respondents) -- not included in survey household (0/0/1/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0 cases) 0. INAP, not that many persons in household unit (0/530/1505/1974/2497/2712/2786/2806/2816/2818/2821/ 2821/2821 cases) question: K1a C1139 (#1) INDIVIDUAL'S SEX. C1142 (#2) Corresponds to individuals given above. No missing values. C1145 (#3) C1148 (#4) 1. male (1390/989/684/439/175/61/16/12/4/2/1/0/0 cases) C1151 (#5) 2. female (1432/1303/633/409/150/49/20/4/2/2/0/1/1 cases) C1154 (#6) 0. INAP (0/530/1505/1974/2497/2712/2786/2806/2816/ C1157 (#7) 2818/2821/2821/2821 cases) C1160 (#8) C1163 (#9) question: K1a C1166 (#10) C1169 (#11) C1172 (#12) C1175 (#13) C1140 (#1) INDIVIDUAL'S AGE. C1143 (#2) The age as of last birthday for the individuals C1146 (#3) above, as reported by the respondent. It may differ C1149 (#4) from the age as determined from date of birth information for C1152 (#5) the head or spouse. No missing values. Imputations were done C1155 (#6) done using date of birth, job history, and education for C1158 (#7) head and spouse. Less than one year coded as 1. C1161 (#8) C1164 (#9) xx. years (1 to 96) C1167 (#10) 0. INAP (0/530/1505/1974/2497/2712/2786/2806/2816/2818/ C1170 (#11) 2821/2821/2821 cases) C1173 (#12) C1176 (#13) question: K1a Ages of Children Living Outside the Home C1177 (#1) AGES OF CHILDREN LIVING OUTSIDE THE HOME. C1178 (#2) This variable lists,in the order given by respondent, the ages C1179 (#3) of any children of the respondent (or spouse) not living C1180 (#4) in the household. These children are not in the house- C1181 (#5) hold listing, C1138 to C1176. The total number of children C1182 (#6) listed here is C1107. No missing values. C1183 (#7) C1184 (#8) xx. years (1 to 72) C1185 (#9) 0. INAP (1184/1557/2027/2373/2570/2679/2737/ 2776/2796 cases) question: A1b Interview Characteristics and Time C1186 MONTH OF THE INTERVIEW (BEGAN). All interviews took place between June and September 1986. No missing values. 6. June 1986 (603 cases) 7. July 1986 (1028 cases) 8. August 1986 (1013 cases) 9. September 1986 (178 cases) C1187 DAY OF THE INTERVIEW (BEGAN). Day of the month that the interview began (if done in several segments). No missing values. xx. day (1 to 31) C1188 TIME OF INTERVIEW (START OF INTERVIEW). The time of day when the interviewer first began recording information. The time is given in military time with 0800 being 8:00 AM and 2400 being 12 midnight. xxxx. time (0800 to 2328) C1189 MONTH OF THE INTERVIEW (ENDED). All interviews took place between June and September 1986. No missing values. 6. June 1986 (591 cases) 7. July 1986 (1028 cases) 8. August 1986 (1017 cases) 9. September 1986 (186 cases) C1190 DAY OF THE INTERVIEW (ENDED). Day of the month (when interview ended if done at different times). No missing values. xx. day (1 to 31) C1191 TIME OF INTERVIEW (END OF INTERVIEW). The time of day when the interviewer first began recording information. The time is given in military time with 0800 being 8:00 AM and 2400 being 12 midnight. xxxx. time (0800 to 2356) C1192 TIME OF INTERVIEW (LAST CALL -- RECODE). The time of day when the last interview call was made. 1. weekday, 9:00 am to 12:59 pm (399 cases) 2. weekday, 1:00 pm to 5:59 pm (620 cases) 3. weekday, 6:00 pm to 12:00 midnight (1147 cases) 4. Saturday, 10:00 am to 5:59 pm (274 cases) 5. Saturday, 6:00 pm to 12:00 midnight (8 cases) 6. Sunday, 12:00 noon to 5:59 pm (194 cases) 7. Sunday, 6:00 pm to 12:00 midnight (180 cases) C1193 NUMBER OF CALLS. The number of telephone calls required to complete the interview. xx. number (1 to 50) -9. NA (9 cases) C1194 INITIAL REFUSAL. This variable indicates whether the initial contact with the respondent resulted in a refusal (which was later converted). 1. initial contact refusal (139 cases) 5. initial contact not a refusal (2675 cases) -9. NA (8 cases) C1195 INTERVIEW LENGTH. The number of minutes required to complete the interview. This counts only the time respondent was on the phone with an interviewer. xx. minutes (7 to 90) -9. NA (13 cases) C1196 EDIT LENGTH. The number of minutes it took the interviewer to do his/her portion of the editing of the interview. xx. minutes (1 to 73) -9. NA (23 cases) C1197 INTERVIEWER ID NUMBER. The ID number of the interviewer who completed the interview. xxx. (194 to 903) CHANGE VARIABLES 1983 TO 1986 Marital Status Change C1201 SPOUSAL CHANGE 1983 TO 1986. This variable indicates the presence of a spouse (or partner) in the 1983 and 1986 household listings and whether it is the same spouse. No missing values. 1. spouse in 1983, no spouse in 1986 (182 cases) 2. no spouse in 1983, spouse in 1986 (131 cases) 3. spouse in 1983 and 1986 -- same person (1748 cases) 4. spouse in 1983 and 1986 -- different person (28 cases) 5. no spouse/partner in either 1983 or 1986 (733 cases) C1202 SPOUSAL CHANGE 1983 TO 1986 -- DETAILED. This variable indicates changes in marital status from 1983 to 1986, including separation of married couples (or of partners). This variable does not account for the presence of a spouse in a household if the couple is separated. No missing values. 1. no spouse in 1983 or 1986 (widowed/single/divorced in both years), no intervening marriages (659 cases) 2. same as code 1, but with an intervening marriage (4 cases) 3. spouse in 1983 (married/separated/partner) and no spouse in 1986 (widowed/single/divorced) (175 cases) 4. same person as spouse in 1983 and 1986 (married/separated/partner in both years) (1833 cases) 5. no spouse in 1983 (widowed/single/divorced) and spouse in 1986 (married/separated/partner) (112 cases) 6. different person as spouse in 1983 and 1986 (married/separated/partner in both years but to different people) (39 cases) Changes in Household Composition C1136 CHANGE IN RESPONDENT. Indicates whether the 1986 respondent was also the respondent in the 1983 interview. No missing values. 1. same respondent as in 1983 (2671 cases) 5. respondent is or was the spouse of the 1983 respondent (151 cases) C1203 ANY HOUSEHOLD MEMBER CHANGE. This variable indicates whether any change in household composition occurred between 1983 and 1986. Determined by examining the ages and sexes of household members as reported in the 1983 and 1986 survey interviews.. 1. some change in household composition, someone either joining or leaving the household (1335 cases) 5. no change in household composition, exact same members in 1983 and 1986 (1487 cases) C1204 CHANGE IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD. Change in the total number of people in the household (C1101 - B3101). No missing values. -7. minus seven (1 case) -6. minus six (2 cases) -5. minus five (2 cases) -4. minus four (11 cases) -3. minus three (48 cases) -2. minus two (141 cases) -1. minus one (440 cases) 0. no change (1711 cases) 1. plus one (326 cases) 2. plus two (98 cases) 3. plus three (30 cases) 4. plus four (6 cases) 5. plus five (3 cases) 6. plus six (1 case) 7. plus seven (1 case) 8. plus eight (1 case) C1205 CHANGE IN TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD 65 OR OLDER. Change in the total number of people in the household aged 65 or older (C1103 - B3103). No missing values. -2. minus two (5 cases) -1. minus one (62 cases) 0. no change (2507 cases) 1. plus one (202 cases) 2. plus two (45 cases) 3. plus three (1 case) C1206 CHANGE IN TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD UNDER 18. Change in the total number of people in the household under age 18 (C1104 - B3104). No missing values. -5. minus five (2 cases) -4. minus four (3 cases) -3. minus three (15 cases) -2. minus two (106 cases) -1. minus one (338 cases) 0. no change (2055 cases) 1. plus one (230 cases) 2. plus two (61 cases) 3. plus three (9 cases) 4. plus four (2 cases) 5. plus five (1 case) C1207 CHANGE IN NUMBER OF YOUNGER RELATIVES AGED 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all children, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, or great-grandchildren of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are age 18 or older (see C1107). No missing values. -3. minus three (8 cases) -2. minus two (56 cases) -1. minus one (241 cases) 0. no change (2223 cases) 1. plus one (229 cases) 2. plus two (59 cases) 3. plus three (5 cases) 4. plus four (1 case) C1208 CHANGE IN NUMBER OF SAME-AGE RELATIVES AGED 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all siblings, cousins or relatives of unknown relationship of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are 18 or older (see C1108). No missing values. -2. minus two (7 cases) -1. minus one (27 cases) 0. no change (2759 cases) 1. plus one (24 cases) 2. plus two (3 cases) 3. plus three (2 cases) C1209 CHANGE IN NUMBER OF OLDER-GENERATION RELATIVES, 18 OR OLDER. This total includes all parents, grandparents, aunts or uncles of respondent (or spouse) who live in the household and are 18 or older (see C1109). No missing values. -2. minus two (6 cases) -1. minus one (39 cases) 0. no change (2719 cases) 1. plus one (41 cases) 2. plus two (17 cases) Moving C1210 CHANGE IN LIVING STATUS OF RESPONDENT. The change in respondent's tenure status between the 1983 and 1986 interviews. No missing values. 1. homeowner in both years, did not move (1759 cases) 2. homeowner in both years, did move (226 cases) 3. own in 1983, rent/other 1986, did not move (3 cases) 4. own in 1983, rent/other 1986, did move (88 cases) 5. rent/other 1983, own in 1986, did not move (18 cases) 6. rent/other 1983, own in 1986, did move (198 cases) 7. rent/other in both years, did not move (282 cases) 8. rent/other in both years, did move (248 cases) C1504 DID RESPONDENT MOVE RECODE? Answer to question: have you (respondent) moved since spring of 1983? Recoded and corrected answer. This variable reflects corrections to the answer given by the respondent in C1503, following a match of their 1983 and 1986 addresses. No missing values. 1. yes, moved (738 cases) 2. yes, moved to a home that family already owned (17 cases) 3. yes, moved mobile home to a new location (5 cases) 4. no, but has bought/in process of buying home that rented before (13 cases) 5. no (2035 cases) 6. no, but interview conducted at second home (6 cases) 7. no, now renting home that family owned previously, 99 year or lifetime lease (3 case) 8. no, home given to respondent (5 cases) C1505 TYPE OF MOVE. Given only if respondent moved between 1983 and 1986. Determined from addresses. No missing values. 1. move within same county (428 cases) 2. move within same SMSA, but different county (39 cases) 3. move within same state, but different SMSA and county (121 cases) 4. move to different state, but same region (65 cases) 5. move to different Census region (48 cases) -9. high-income sample mover (59 cases) 0. INAP, no move (2062 cases) New Location C1211 1986 SMSA CODE. The MSA/PMSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area or Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area) code defined for the household's metropolitan area (if living within in one). The SMSA areas are defined according to 1983 boundaries to ensure comparability with the 1983 SMSA variable (B5701). C1211 is coded as zero if the household did not live in an SMSA or was in the high-income sample. 40. Abilene, TX (20 cases) 160. Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY (2 cases) 240. Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ (4 cases) 360. Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA (21 cases) 480. Asheville, NC (1 case) 520. Atlanta, GA (40 cases) 560. Atlantic City, NJ (1 case) 620. Aurora-Elgin, IL (11 cases) 640. Austin, TX (2 cases) 680. Bakersfield, CA (1 case) 720. Baltimore, MD (24 cases) 860. Bellingham, WA (25 cases) 875. Bergen-Passiac, NJ (2 cases) 1000. Birmingham, AL (2 cases) 1120. Boston, MA (20 cases) 1140. Bradenton, FL (13 cases) 1160. Bridgeport-Milford, CT (22 cases) 1360. Cedar Rapids, IA (1 case) 1400. Champaign-Urbana-Rantoul, IL (1 case) 1480. Charleston, WVA (29 cases) 1520. Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC (3 cases) 1560. Chattanooga, TN-GA (2 cases) 1600. Chicago, IL (40 cases) 1620. Chico, CA (1 case) 1640. Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN (5 cases) 1680. Cleveland, OH (18 cases) 1760. Columbia, SC (39 cases) 1840. Columbus, OH (2 cases) 1920. Dallas, TX (1 case) 2000. Dayton-Springfield, OH (23 cases) 2080. Denver, CO (2 cases) 2160. Detroit, MI (59 cases) 2285. East St. Louis-Belleville, IL (4 cases) 2400. Eugene-Springfield, OR (50 cases) 2640. Flint, MI (34 cases) 2750. Fort Walton Beach, FL (1 case) 2800. Forth Worth-Arlington, TX (1 case) 2920. Galveston-Texas City, TX (1 case) 2960. Gary-Hammond, IN (6 cases) 3060. Greeley, CO (1 case) 3120. Greensboro--Winston-Salem--High Point,NC(3 cases) 3200. Hamilton-Middletown, OH (19 cases) 3240. Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA (1 case) 3360. Houston, TX (37 cases) 3480. Indianapolis, IN (24 cases) 3640. Jersey City, NJ (9 cases) 3800. Kenosha, WI (1 case) 3920. Lafayette, IN (1 case) 3965. Lake County, IL (12 cases) 4000. Lancaster, PA (1 case) 4040. Lansing-East Lansing, MI (1 case) 4320. Lima, OH (1 case) 4400. Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR (40 cases) 4480. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA (47 cases) 4520. Louisville, KY-IND (24 cases) 4680. Macon-Warner Robins, GA (1 case) 4820. Madison, WI (1 case) 4920. Memphis, TN-AK-MS (1 case) 5000. Miami-Hialeah, FL (11 cases) 5015. Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ (39 cases) 5120. Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI (42 cases) 5170. Modesto, CA (1 case) 5190. Monmouth-Ocean, NJ (1 case) 5240. Montgomery, AL (17 cases) 5320. Muskegon, MI (1 case) 5360. Nashville, TN (1 case) 5380. Nassau-Suffolk, NY (17 cases) 5520. New London-Norwich, CT-RI (17 cases) 5600. New York, NY (57 cases) 5640. Newark, NJ (13 cases) 5720. Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News,VA(3 cases) 5775. Oakland, CA (16 cases) 5880. Oklahoma City, OK (1 case) 5920. Omaha, NE-IA (2 cases) 5960. Orlando, FL (24 cases) 6000. Oxnard-Ventura, CA (1 case) 6120. Peoria, IL (4 cases) 6160. Philadelphia, PA-NJ (39 cases) 6200. Phoenix, AZ (22 cases) 6280. Pittsburgh, PA (32 cases) 6460. Poughkeepsie, NY (1 case) 6520. Provo-Orem, UT (1 case) 6640. Raleigh-Durham, NC (2 cases) 6680. Reading, PA (1 case) 6690. Redding, CA (1 case) 6720. Reno, NV (1 case) 6760. Richmond-Petersburg V29 cases) 6780. Riverside-San Bernadino, CA (2 cases) 6800. Roanoke, VA (1 case) 7040. St. Louis, MO-IL (23 cases) 7080. Salem, OR (1 case) 7160. Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT (66 cases) 7240. San Antonio, TX (1 case) 7320. San Diego, CA (14 cases) 7360. San Francisco, CA (15 cases) 7400. San Jose, CA (1 case) 7500. Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA (2 cases) 7510. Sarasota, FL (33 cases) 7560. Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA (19 cases) 7600. Seattle, WA (17 cases) 7620. Sheboygan, WI (31 cases) 7760. Sioux Falls, SD (48 cases) 7880. Springfield, IL (7 cases) 8160. Syracuse, NY (28 cases) 8200. Tacoma, WA (1 case) 8280. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL (3 cases) 8400. Toledo, OH (27 cases) 8480. Trenton, NJ (19 cases) 8560. Tulsa, OK (37 cases) 8640. Tyler, TX (1 case) 8720. Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA (26 cases) 8780. Visalla-Tulare-Porterville, CA (11 cases) 8840. Washington, DC-MD-VA (31 cases) 8920. Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA (37 cases) 9040. Wichita, KS (1 case) 9160. Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD (1 case) 9240. Worcester, MA (20 cases) 9320. Youngstown-Warren, OH (2 cases) 0. high-income or not in SMSA (1162 cases) C1212 SMSA POPULATION. The 1980 Census population for the SMSA (if any) where the household lives. 1983 SMSA boundaries were used to define the limits of each SMSA. xxxxxxx. population of SMSA (100,935 to 8,274,961) 0. high-income or not in SMSA (1162 cases) C1213 1986 COUNTY (FIPS) CODE This variable is the Census-defined FIPS code for the household's county of residence at the time of the 1986 interview. The FIPS code is a 5 digit code, the first two digits indicating the state (the same as variable C1134) and the last three digits giving a three digit county code within the state. Coded for all cross-section observations. The comparable 1983 variable is B5703. 1073. Jefferson County, AL (2 cases) 1101. Montgomery County, AL (20 cases) 2110. Juneau County, AK (1 case) 2122. Kenai Peninsula County, AK (1 case) 4013. Maricopa County, AZ (22 cases) 5019. Clark County, AR (42 cases) 5093. Mississippi County, AR (36 cases) 5109. Pike County, AR (1 case) 5119. Pulaski County, AR (31 cases) 5125. Saline County, AR (9 cases) 6001. Alameda County, CA (14 cases) 6007. Butte County, CA (1 case) 6013. Contra Costa County, CA (2 cases) 6029. Kern County, CA (1 case) 6033. Lake County, CA (1 case) 6037. Los Angeles County, CA (47 cases) 6055. Napa County, CA (22 cases) 6059. Orange County, CA (21 cases) 6063. Monterey County, CA (20 cases) 6065. Riverside County, CA (2 cases) 6073. San Diego County, CA (14 cases) 6075. San Francisco County, CA (6 cases) 6079. San Luis Obispo County, CA (1 case) 6081. San Mateo County, CA (9 cases) 6085. Santa Clara County, CA (1 case) 6089. Shasta County, CA (1 case) 6095. Solano County, CA (4 cases) 6097. Sonoma County, CA (2 cases) 6099. Stanislaus County, CA (1 case) 6107. Tulare County, CA (17 cases) 6111. Ventura County, CA (1 case) 8005. Arapahoe County, CA (1 case) 8031. Denver County, CO (1 case) 8075. Logan County, CO (26 cases) 8123. Weld County, CO (1 case) 8125. Yuma County, CO (1 case) 9001. Fairfield County, CT (22 cases) 9009. New Haven County, CT (1 case) 9011. New London County, CT (17 cases) 11000. District of Columbia (5 cases) 12015. Charlotte County, FL (1 case) 12023. Columbia County, FL (1 case) 12025. Dade County, FL (11 cases) 12057. Hillsborough County, FL (2 cases) 12081. Manatee County, FL (13 cases) 12087. Monroe County, FL (1 case) 12091. Perry County, FL (1 case) 12095. Orange County, FL (20 cases) 12097. Osceola County, FL (2 cases) 12101. Pasco County. FL (1 case) 12115. Sarasota County, FL (33 cases) 12117. Seminole County, FL (2 cases) 13021. Bibb County, GA (1 case) 13057. Cherokee County, FL (1 case) 13089. DeKalb County, GA (18 cases) 13113. Floyd County, GA (1 case) 13121. Fulton County, GA (15 cases) 13135. Gwinnett County, GA (5 cases) 13139. Hall County, GA (1 case) 13185. Lowndes County, GA (30 cases) 13315. Wilcox County, GA (1 case) 17019. Champaign County, IL (1 case) 17031. Cook County, IL (34 cases) 17043. Du Page County, IL (6 cases) 17089. Kane County, IL (10 cases) 17093. Kendall County, IL (1 case) 17097. Lake County, IL (12 cases) 17107. Logan County, IL (21 cases) 17133. Monroe County, IL (1 case) 17145. Perry County, IL (1 case) 17157. Randolph County, IL (23 cases) 17163. St. Clair County, IL (4 cases) 17167. Sangamon County, IL (1 case) 17197. Will County, IL (4 cases) 18059. Hancock County, IN (7 cases) 18089. Lake County, IN (6 cases) 18097. Marlon County, IN (17 cases) 18159. Tipton, IN (1 case) 19013. Black Hawk County, IA (37 cases) 19019. Buchanan County, IA (1 case) 19047. Crawford County, IA (22 cases) 19059. Dickinson County, IA (1 case) 19113. Linn County, IA (1 case) 19133. Monona County, IA (1 case) 20161. Riley County. KS (1 case) 20173. Sedgwick County, KS (1 case) 20179. Sheridan County, KS (1 case) 21005. Anderson County, KY (1 case) 21093. Hardin County, KY (2 cases) 21111. Jefferson County, KY (24 cases) 21177. Kenton County, KY (22 cases) 22001. Acadia County, LA (24 cases) 22035. East Carroll County, LA (24 cases) 22097. St. Landry County, LA (1 case) 22115. Vernon County, LA (1 case) 22123. West Carroll County, LA (1 case) 23031. York County, ME (28 cases) 24005. Baltimore County, MD (4 cases) 24015. Cecil County, MD (1 case) 24021. Frederick County, MD (1 case) 24025. Harford County, MD (9 cases) 24027. Howard County, MD (1 case) 24031. Montgomery County, MD (3 cases) 24037. St. Mary's County, MD (1 case) 24510. Baltimore City (independent city), MD (10 cases) 25001 Barnstable County, MA (1 case) 25009. Essex County, MA (2 cases) 25013 Hampden County, MA (1 case) 25017. Middlesex County, MA (15 cases) 25021. Norfolk County, MA (1 case) 25025. Suffolk County, MA (5 cases) 25027. Worcester County, MA (43 cases) 26029. Charlevoix County, MI (1 case) 26045. Eaton County, MI (1 case) 26049. Genesee County, MI (34 cases) 26099. Macomb County, MI (12 cases) 26113. Missaukee County, MI (1 case) 26115. Monroe County, MI (8 cases) 26121. Muskegon County, MI (1 case) 26125. Oakland County, MI (17 cases) 26149. St. Joseph County, MI (32 cases) 26163. Wayne County, MI (22 cases) 27001 Aitkin County, MN (1 case) 27003 Anoka County, MN (1 case) 27037. Dakota County, MN (1 case) 27053. Hennepin County, MN (26 cases) 27123. Ramsey County, MN (9 cases) 27163. Washington County, MN (5 cases) 28051. Holmes County, MS (1 case) 28123. Scott County, MS (1 case) 28127. Simpson County, MS (27 cases) 29001. Adair County, MO (18 cases) 29099. Jefferson County, MO (5 cases) 29113. Bates County, MO (1 case) 29189. St. Louis County, MO (16 cases) 29199. Scotland County, MO (1 case) 29201. Scott County, MO (1 case) 29207. Stoddard County, MO (34 cases) 29510. St. Louis City (independent city), MO (1 cases) 31055. Douglas County, NE (1 case) 31061. Franklin County, NB (29 cases) 31153. Sarpy County, NE (1 case) 31157. Scotts Bluff County, NE (1 case) 31179. Wayne County, NE (1 case) 32031. Washoe County, NV (1 case) 34001 Atlantic County, NJ (1 case) 34003. Bergen County, NJ (2 cases) 34007. Camden County, NJ (4 cases) 34013. Essex County, NJ (10 cases) 34017. Hudson County, NJ (9 cases) 34021. Mercer County, NJ (19 cases) 34023. Middlesex County, NJ (11 cases) 34027. Morris County, NJ (1 case) 34029. Ocean County, NJ (1 case) 34035. Somerset County, NJ (28 cases) 34039. Union County, NJ (2 cases) 36001, Albany County, NY (1 case) 36005. Bronx County, NY (8 cases) 36027. Dutchess County, NY (1 case) 36039. Greene County, NY (1 case) 36047. Kings County, NY (7 cases) 36053. Madison County, NY (14 cases) 36059. Nassau County, NY (14 cases) 36061. New York County, NY (17 cases) 36065. Oneida County, NY (1 case) 36067. Onondaga County, NY (14 cases) 36081. Queens County, NY (8 cases) 36085. Richmond County, NY (2 cases) 36101. Steuben County, NY (1 case) 36103. Suffolk County, NY (3 cases) 36111. Ulster County, NY (19 cases) 36119. Westchester County, NY (15 cases) 37021. Buncombe County, NC (1 case) 37027. Cabarrus County, NC (1 case) 37045. Cleveland County, NC (1 case) 37053. Currituck County, NC (37 cases) 37055. Dare County, NC (1 case) 37063. Durham County, NC (1 case) 37067. Forsyth County, NC (1 case) 37081. Guilford County, NC (2 cases) 37097. Iredell County, NC (2 cases) 37119. Mecklenberg County, NC (3 cases) 37121. Mitchell County, NC (1 case) 37147. Pitt County, NC (31 cases) 37157. Rockingham County, NC (1 case) 37183. Wake County, NC (1 case) 37189. Watauga County, NC (29 cases) 39003. Allen County, OH (1 case) 39017. Butler County, OH (19 cases) 39025. Clermont County, OH (2 cases) 39035. Geauga County, OH (4 cases) 39049. Franklin County, OH (1 case) 39055. Geuaga County, OH (7 cases) 39057. Greene County, OH (1 case) 39061. Hamilton County, OH (3 cases) 39063. Hancock County, OH (18 cases) 39083. Knox County, OH (38 cases) 39085. Lake County, OH (6 cases) 39089. Licking County, OH (1 case) 39095. Lucas County, OH (27 cases) 39099. Mahoning County, OH (1 case) 39103. Medina County, OH (1 case) 39113. Montgomery County, OH (22 cases) 39147. Seneca County, OH (1 case) 39149. Shelby County, OH (1 case) 39155. Trumbull County, OH (1 case) 39173. Wood County, OH (1 case) 40037. Creek County, OK (10 cases) 40109. Okfuskee County, OK (1 case) 40143. Tulsa County, OK (27 cases) 41039. Lane County, OR (50 cases) 41043. Linn County, OR (1 case) 41053. Polk County, OR (1 case) 42003. Allegheny County, PA (19 cases) 42011. Berks County, PA (1 case) 42017. Bucks County, PA (1 case) 42029. Chester County, PA (23 cases) 42043. Dauphin County, PA (1 case) 42045. Delaware County, PA (1 case) 42055. Franklin County, PA (1 case) 42069. Lackawanna County, PA (1 case) 42071. Lancaster County, PA (1 case) 42077. Lehigh County, PA (1 case) 42079. Luzerne County, PA (18 cases) 42091. Montgomery County, PA (1 case) 42101. Philadelphia County, PA (9 cases) 42109. Snyder County, PA (37 cases) 42125. Washington County, PA (13 cases) 44007. Providence County, RI (1 case) 45055. Allendale County, SC (1 case) 45063. Lexington County, SC (16 cases) 45079. Richland County, SC (23 cases) 46029. Kershaw County, SC (1 case) 46047. Codington County, SD (1 case) 46079. Fall River County, SD (1 case) 46099. Minnehaha County, SD (48 cases) 46103. Pennington County, SD (1 case) 47007. Bledsoe County, TN (36 cases) 47075. Henry County, TN (1 case) 47129. Morgan County, TN (1 case) 47143. Rhea County, TN (1 case) 47153. Sequatchie County, TN (2 cases) 47157. Shelby County, TN (1 case) 47175. Van Buren County, TN (1 case) 47189. Williamson County, TN (1 case) 48027. Bell County, TX (1 case) 48113. Dallas County, TX (1 case) 48161. Freestone County, TX (1 case) 48167. Galveston County, TX (1 case) 48185. Grimes County, TX (1 case) 48201. Harris County, TX (35 cases) 48209. Hays County, TX (1 case) 48253. Jones County, TX (4 cases) 48339. Montgomery County, TX (2 case) 48439. Tarrant County, TX (1 case) 48441. Taylor County, TX (20 cases) 48491. Williamson County, TX (1 case) 49011. Davis County, UT (1 case) 49035. Salt Lake County,UT (43 cases) 49049. Utah County, UT (1 case) 50003. Bennington County, VT (1 case) 51013. Arlington County, VA (1 case) 51015. Augusta County, VA (1 case) 51059. Fairfax County, VA (15 cases) 51085. Hanover County, VA (9 cases) 51087. Henrico County, VA (8 cases) 51153. Prince William County, VA (1 case) 51600. Fairfax (independent city), VA (6 cases) 51700. Newport News County, VA (1 case) 51710. Norfolk County, VA (1 case) 51760. Richmond (independent city), VA (12 cases) 51770. Roanoke County, VA (1 case) 51810. Virginia Beach County, VA (1 case) 53033. King County, WA (15 cases) 53049. Pacific County, WA (1 case) 53053. Pierce County, WA (1 case) 53061. Snohomish County, WA (2 cases) 53073. Whatcom County, WA (25 cases) 54039. Kanawha County, WA (29 cases) 54045. Logan County, WV (1 case) 55025. Dane County, WI (1 case) 55059. Kenosha County, WI (1 case) 55095. Polk County, WI (1 case) 55099. Price County, WI (1 case) 55117. Sheboygan County, WI (31 cases) 56031. Platte County, WI (1 case) 0. high-income sample (359 cases) C1214 COUNTY POPULATION The county population as measured in the 1980 Census. xxxxxxxx. population (3,544 to 7,477,503) 0. high-income sample (359 cases) C1215 1986 PSU (PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT) NUMBER. An assigned number based on the observation's PSU (see B3013). It gives a unique sampling cell number to all observations in the sample. Values 1 through 9 are the nine cells in B3012 for the high-income observations. The remainder indicate area-probability sample PSUs. Values 10 through 22 are self-representing PSUs. Values 23 through 54 are PSUs located primarily in SMSAs and urban areas. Values 55 through 84 imply PSUs primarily covering rural counties. A minus 9 (-9) indicates that the household had moved and in 1986 was not located in an SRC PSU. xx. cell number (1 to 84) -9. not located in PSU (165 cases) C1216 1980 FRAME PSU. This variable indicates the number of the 1980 SRC sample PSU that the household lives in. Not given for the high-income sample. The value in C1216 is the stratum number assigned to the PSU in Table A on page 87 of 1980 SRC NATIONAL SAMPLE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT, February 1986. A minus nine (-9) indicates that the household does not live in a 1980 PSU. xx. (1 to 74) 0. INAP, high-income sample (359 cases) -9. household does not live in the 1980 SRC Frame (1528 cases) Price Changes C1217 CPI PRICE CHANGES. Change in the Consumer Price Index from the 1983 respondent- interview month to the 1986 respondent-interview month. If C1217 (divided by 10,000) is multiplied by a 1983 variable (expressed in dollars), it will convert the variable to 1986 dollars. Dividing a dollar-valued 1986 variable by C1217 will convert it to 1983 dollars. The mean of C1217 is 1.1125. No missing values. xxxxx. rate of change times 10,000 (10956 to 11262) Savings and Savings Attitudes C1218 (#1) REASONS FOR SAVING. C1219 (#2) Respondent was asked what were the household's most C1220 (#3) important reasons for saving. Three variables are provided for responses. Designed as an open-ended question. The codes are the same as used in 1983 (B5401 and B5402). 1. children's (grandchildren's) education (178/144/38 cases) 2. own education; spouse's education; education -- NA for whom (40/28/11 cases) 3. "for the children/family" not further specified; "to help the kids out"; "to have children/baby" (78/104/29 cases) 4. gifts to persons outside the household, to charities or to churches (4/6/3 cases) 5. to get married (1/0/0 cases) 6. to get children back (1/0/0 cases) 11. buying own house (93/46/8 cases) 12. purchase of cottage or second home for own use (2/3/1 cases) 13. buy a car/truck (8/33/13 cases) 14. home improvements/repairs (18/35/19 cases) 15. to travel; take vacations (102/161/81 cases) 16. buy durable household goods, appliances, home furnishings; hobby items; for other purchases not codable above or not specified; "to buy things when we need/want them" (70/102/44 cases) 17. burial; funeral expense (38/16/5 cases) 18. moving expenses (7/2/2 cases) 21. buying (investing in) own business/farm; equipment for business (8/7/2 cases) 22. retirement; old age (658/274/66 cases) 23. reserves in case of unemployment (42/32/14 cases) 24. in case of illness; medical/dental expenses (114/122/32 cases) 25. emergencies; "rainy days"; other unexpected needs; for security (634/271/73 cases) 26. investment reasons (to get interest, to be diversified, to buy other forms of assets) (84/49/21 cases) 27. to meet contractual commitments (debt repayment, insurance, taxes, etc) to pay off the house (30/15/4 cases) 28. "to get ahead"; for the future; to advance standard of living; live comfortably/enjoy life (209/70/30 cases) 29. ordinary living expenses/bills (120/42/18 cases) 30. be independent/self-sufficient (not for retirement or living expenses) (24/12/6 cases) 31. tax advantages (1/1/0 cases) 32. recreation -- not further specified (0/1/0 cases) 90. had extra income; saved because had the money left over - no other purpose specified (16/1/0 cases) 91. wise/prudent thing to do; good discipline to save (31/25/11 cases) 93. convenient to save (automatic deduction) (0/1/1 cases) 94. for a new will (0/0/1 cases) -6. don't/can't save (179/0/0 cases) -8. DK (12/0/0 cases) -9. NA (20/0/0 cases) 0. INAP(second and third reasons only)(0/1219/2289 cases) question: G1 C1221 SAVINGS CHANGE Respondent was asked: "Considering all of your savings and reserve funds, in the past three years, did you put more money in overall or take more money out?" 1. put more money in (1201 cases) 3. stayed the same, no savings (360 cases) 5. took more money out (1030 cases) 6. no savings at all (192 cases) -8. DK (17 cases) -9. NA (22 cases) question: G10 C1222 INTEREST EFFECT ON SAVINGS. Respondent was asked: "If the rate of interest you could earn on all your savings and investments went up by five percentage points, would you decrease the amount you spend so that you could set aside more to save, or would you make no change in your spending habits?" 1. decrease spending; increase saving (740 cases) 3. increase spending (will earn more so will spend more) (5 cases) 5. no change in spending (2013 cases) -8. DK (27 cases) 9. NA (37 cases) question: G11 C1223 PRIZE QUESTION. Respondent was asked: "If you won a cash prize equal to about three months of your usual income, would you save all of it, most of it, some of it, a little of it, or none of it?" If respondent answered "some", "a little", or "none" he/she was asked the follow-up question in C1224. 1. all(508 cases) 2. most (1043 cases) 3. some (785 cases) 4. a little (191 cases) 5. none (255 cases) -8. DK (16 cases) -9. NA (24 cases) question: G12 C1224 PRIZE FOLLOWUP. If respondent answered "some", "a little", or "none" to C1223, he/she was asked this follow-up question: "Would you use any of the money to repay debts?" 1. yes (680 cases) 5. no (546 cases) -8. DK (7 cases) -9. NA (38 cases) 0. INAP, C1223 coded 1 or 2 (1551 cases) question G12a C1225 SAVINGS TYPE. Respondent was asked: "There seem to be two different methods people use to save. Some people first put aside a certain amount for savings and then use the rest for expenses, while other people first pay all their expenses and then use the rest for savings. Which of these two ways comes closest to your saving habits?" 1. first put aside savings (639 cases) 2. first pay expenses (2029 cases) 6. do not save at all (114 cases) -8. DK (11 cases) -9. NA (29 cases) question: G13 C1461 NOMINAL SAVINGS 1983 TO 1986. This variable is computed as the household's change in wealth from 1983 to 1986. For most households this is C1457 - C1458. If divorce split a household between 1983 and 1986 and the 1986 respondent did not remarry, then savings is C1457 - C1458/2. If a respondent, single in 1983, married before the 1986 interview, then savings is C1457 - 2 * C1458. For respondents widowed over this period, their savings were adjusted by their deceased spouse's bequests to non-household members (C1287 and C1288). Widows remarrying were assumed to marry someone possessing wealth equal to one-half the widow's 1983 household wealth. No missing values. xxxxxxxx. dollars (-32,811,444 to 35,320,915) 0. none (21 cases) C1462 REAL SAVINGS 1983 TO 1986. This variable is the same as C1461 except that 1983 wealth is inflated to 1986 dollars by the change in the Consumer Price Index between the two interview dates (C1217). The average inflation rate over the survey interval was 11.2 percent. No missing values. xxxxxxxx. dollars (-38,564,656 to 32,279,291) 0. none (19 cases) LIFE EVENTS Share Living Quarters C1251 SHARE LIVING QUARTERS. Respondents was asked if they (or their spouses) had shared living quarters for three months or more with adult children, grandchildren, or other relatives or friends during the previous three years. This variable was adjusted if the 1983 or 1986 household listings showed someone living with the household (even if respondent actually reported that he/she did not share living quarters). No missing values. 1. yes, shared living quarters (1126 cases) 5. no, did not share living quarters (1696 cases) question: H6 (A) Adult Children (B) Parents (parents-in-law) (C) Grandparents (grandparents-in-law) (D) Grandchildren (E) Siblings (including in-laws) (F) Friends C1252 (A) WITH WHOM SHARE LIVING QUARTERS? C1253 (B) Respondent was asked to list all the individuals with whom C1254 (C) he/she (or his/her spouse) had shared living quarters. No C1255 (D) missing values. C1256 (E) C1257 (F) 1. shared living quarters with type of individual (677/ 184/14/157/129/123 cases) 5. did not share living quarters with type of individual (449/942/1112/969/997/1003 cases) 0. INAP, did not share living quarters with anyone (1696/1696/1696/1696/1696/1696 cases) question:H6a C1258 OTHER PERSONS SHARE LIVING QUARTERS. Other persons not mentioned above with whom respondent (or his/he