Figure 1: IPD measures for selected country pairs.
LEFT: IPD based on all votes 1946-2023
| Year | Geopol. Distance: U.K. - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: Germany - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 0.971312 | 3.2592847 | 0.456424 | 2.2879727 | 1.8315487 |
| 2002 | 0.942115 | 3.2878914 | 0.586538 | 2.3457764 | 1.7592384 |
| 2003 | 1.163225 | 3.8649978 | 0.460034 | 2.7017728 | 2.2417388 |
| 2004 | 1.236893 | 3.6633617 | 0.531473 | 2.4264687 | 1.8949957 |
| 2005 | 1.221997 | 3.6590614 | 0.668007 | 2.4370644 | 1.7690574 |
| 2006 | 1.307597 | 3.700165 | 0.518002 | 2.392568 | 1.874566 |
| 2007 | 1.077907 | 3.371459 | 0.7334164 | 2.293552 | 1.5601356 |
| 2008 | 1.142022 | 3.3942981 | 0.7035656 | 2.2522761 | 1.5487105 |
| 2009 | 1.05406 | 3.1923993 | 0.386195 | 2.1383393 | 1.7521443 |
| 2010 | 0.835992 | 3.4024637 | 0.656943 | 2.5664717 | 1.9095287 |
| 2011 | 0.938334 | 3.2312465 | 0.5621767 | 2.2929125 | 1.7307358 |
| 2012 | 1.027725 | 3.4561845 | 0.6024089 | 2.4284595 | 1.8260506 |
| 2013 | 1.001365 | 3.2010807 | 0.515903 | 2.1997157 | 1.6838127 |
| 2014 | 0.966857 | 3.5282975 | 0.445278 | 2.5614405 | 2.1161625 |
| 2015 | 0.870119 | 2.8190353 | 0.481107 | 1.9489163 | 1.4678093 |
| 2016 | 0.816961 | 3.0355328 | 0.501569 | 2.2185718 | 1.7170028 |
| 2017 | 0.973755 | 3.0572586 | 0.472392 | 2.0835036 | 1.6111116 |
| 2018 | 1.095724 | 3.2937284 | 0.443593 | 2.1980044 | 1.7544114 |
| 2019 | 0.986695 | 3.0452124 | 0.486586 | 2.0585174 | 1.5719314 |
| 2020 | 1.295715 | 3.7576933 | 0.426473 | 2.4619783 | 2.0355053 |
| 2021 | 0.784164 | 3.3117033 | 0.816049 | 2.5275393 | 1.7114903 |
| 2022 | 0.700931 | 4.084741 | 0.537225 | 3.38381 | 2.846585 |
| 2023 | 0.52318 | 3.928369 | 0.794143 | 3.405189 | 2.611046 |
MIDDLE: IPD based on economic votes 1971-2023
| Year | Geopol. Distance: U.K. - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: Germany - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 1.591735 | 4.953214 | 0.493215 | 3.361479 | 2.868264 |
| 2002 | 1.489841 | 4.164686 | 0.774591 | 2.674845 | 1.900254 |
| 2003 | 2.118836 | 4.3438267 | 0.402585 | 2.2249907 | 1.8224057 |
| 2004 | 2.201779 | 4.4603341 | 0.655613 | 2.2585551 | 1.6029421 |
| 2005 | 2.219125 | 4.6084933 | 0.710942 | 2.3893683 | 1.6784263 |
| 2006 | 2.034449 | 4.6119665 | 0.811319 | 2.5775175 | 1.7661985 |
| 2007 | 2.015828 | 4.5097962 | 0.634398 | 2.4939682 | 1.8595702 |
| 2008 | 2.164871 | 4.7895801 | 0.72977 | 2.6247091 | 1.8949391 |
| 2009 | 1.344116 | 4.2382788 | 0.470576 | 2.8941628 | 2.4235868 |
| 2010 | 1.189442 | 4.156035 | 0.528796 | 2.966593 | 2.437797 |
| 2011 | 1.253381 | 4.1582901 | 0.809022 | 2.9049091 | 2.0958871 |
| 2012 | 1.17318 | 4.1977533 | 0.8442 | 3.0245733 | 2.1803733 |
| 2013 | 1.136221 | 4.0579722 | 0.916154 | 2.9217512 | 2.0055972 |
| 2014 | 1.136227 | 3.9308632 | 0.525908 | 2.7946362 | 2.2687282 |
| 2015 | 1.022055 | 3.9671181 | 0.798218 | 2.9450631 | 2.1468451 |
| 2016 | 0.741118 | 4.110209 | 0.837955 | 3.369091 | 2.531136 |
| 2017 | 1.241751 | 4.246223 | 0.327555 | 3.004472 | 2.676917 |
| 2018 | 1.029388 | 4.354458 | 0.302031 | 3.32507 | 3.023039 |
| 2019 | 0.372922 | 2.5287075 | 0.72237 | 2.1557855 | 1.4334155 |
| 2020 | 0.398055 | 2.43310397 | 0.691194 | 2.03504897 | 1.34385497 |
| 2021 | 0.158305 | 2.10365203 | 0.6808 | 1.94534703 | 1.26454703 |
| 2022 | 0.150151 | 2.2163982 | 0.604044 | 2.0662472 | 1.4622032 |
| 2023 | 0.211484 | 2.08235145 | 0.626226 | 1.87086745 | 1.24464145 |
RIGHT: IPD based on all votes 1991-2023
| Year | Geopol. Distance: U.K. - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.S. | Geopol. Distance: Germany - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - U.K. | Geopol. Distance: China - Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 1.024229 | 3.5807175 | 0.513971 | 2.5564885 | 2.0425175 |
| 2002 | 0.989208 | 3.5930719 | 0.656077 | 2.6038639 | 1.9477869 |
| 2003 | 1.273389 | 4.2195822 | 0.494234 | 2.9461932 | 2.4519592 |
| 2004 | 1.329472 | 4.0375393 | 0.579222 | 2.7080673 | 2.1288453 |
| 2005 | 1.299565 | 4.0226293 | 0.737679 | 2.7230643 | 1.9853853 |
| 2006 | 1.372752 | 4.0501056 | 0.585067 | 2.6773536 | 2.0922866 |
| 2007 | 1.155619 | 3.7142944 | 0.813343 | 2.5586754 | 1.7453324 |
| 2008 | 1.211086 | 3.7303698 | 0.785591 | 2.5192838 | 1.7336928 |
| 2009 | 1.094655 | 3.4868325 | 0.441703 | 2.3921775 | 1.9504745 |
| 2010 | 0.869092 | 3.7076582 | 0.746265 | 2.8385662 | 2.0923012 |
| 2011 | 1.012112 | 3.5366663 | 0.610649 | 2.5245543 | 1.9139053 |
| 2012 | 1.067137 | 3.7645546 | 0.646427 | 2.6974176 | 2.0509906 |
| 2013 | 1.04967 | 3.5130043 | 0.586066 | 2.4633343 | 1.8772683 |
| 2014 | 1.026434 | 3.8153161 | 0.482317 | 2.7888821 | 2.3065651 |
| 2015 | 0.932671 | 3.0987075 | 0.530714 | 2.1660365 | 1.6353225 |
| 2016 | 0.830453 | 3.2806635 | 0.554538 | 2.4502105 | 1.8956725 |
| 2017 | 1.013666 | 3.3075854 | 0.528057 | 2.2939194 | 1.7658624 |
| 2018 | 1.108322 | 3.5337651 | 0.536273 | 2.4254431 | 1.8891701 |
| 2019 | 1.027427 | 3.2905425 | 0.528457 | 2.2631155 | 1.7346585 |
| 2020 | 1.327281 | 4.0017648 | 0.49225 | 2.6744838 | 2.1822338 |
| 2021 | 0.806218 | 3.5462003 | 0.894324 | 2.7399823 | 1.8456583 |
| 2022 | 0.698241 | 4.349879 | 0.570126 | 3.651638 | 3.081512 |
| 2023 | 0.503698 | 4.216439 | 0.878693 | 3.712741 | 2.834048 |
Note: The figure presents our three main IPD measures over time for a selected group of country pairs. For each year, bilateral distance (IPD) is computed as the absolute value of the difference of ideal points between the two countries. (a) presents the IPDs estimated using UNGA voting data from 1946-2023 across all vote categories. (b) presents the Economics IPD, which narrows the focus to economic votes while maintaining historical coverage from 1971 onwards. (c) shortens the historical window used in the IPD estimation to begin after the Cold War (1990–2023) while maintaining all vote categories.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017)
Figure 2: Comparison of IPD measures.
LEFT: 2021 All Vote IPDs and 2023 All Vote IPDs
| Country | 2023 All Votes | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.73777163 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.779712547 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | 0.238471742 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | 0.056787588 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.839625453 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.462440142 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.453442668 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.73668828 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.302498314 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | 0.143523941 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.823285083 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.876854575 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | 0.198364512 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | -0.687152047 | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.800428269 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.783893163 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | 0.243008485 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.903959735 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.548089602 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.063855407 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.964101132 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.656809073 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.99260151 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.647559127 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.589086565 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.935457183 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.687961696 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.681841192 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.673405884 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.39474474 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.031824302 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.460197899 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.527216919 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.621242607 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.785032465 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.579805105 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.82658849 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.545484042 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.505875746 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.884607408 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | 0.022008727 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.432331841 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.329328278 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.848368827 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.724009735 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.280877127 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.508771452 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.995495855 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.546558024 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.994820242 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.951883513 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | 0.177582859 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.290339069 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.759751846 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | 0.232393393 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.432779207 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.465788474 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.494910483 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.728972151 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.733640093 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | 0.099402322 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.761350168 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.737549604 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.747893693 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.831195593 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.882981105 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | 0.135535384 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.718637175 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.392752127 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.584364962 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.573521021 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.33069424 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.583620989 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.405241717 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.925872035 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.689996128 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | 0.042263341 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.721446982 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.912716703 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | 0.135225331 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.860231562 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | 0.289840135 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.594477606 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.865211491 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | 0.025080027 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.755134255 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.735702171 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.777622418 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.764431142 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.45573789 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.717018895 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | 0.110854912 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.848661315 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.922523775 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.950097865 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.009501042 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.883078754 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.730593027 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | 0.028938677 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.907267316 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.791096509 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.366841048 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | 0.217755766 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.286787977 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.696306431 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | 0.251909889 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | 0.070791568 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.777107293 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.775682122 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.454372407 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | 0.118929001 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | 0.137295911 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.910156352 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | 0.049657097 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.547381674 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | 0.202988823 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.806912742 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.749777681 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.895133833 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.682229648 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.492889746 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.843529923 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.827115172 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.854395552 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.872870598 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.726170382 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.229164063 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | 0.081175623 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.737948192 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.28213597 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | 0.046513146 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.982229775 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.768929854 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.481812936 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.554259439 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.744767765 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.11231506 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.308262386 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.289980142 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.987721025 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | 0.19091511 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.517094041 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.81750304 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | 0.31254625 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.908976932 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.702799712 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.917218164 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.927133404 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.79003729 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.665092205 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.658799466 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.643204139 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.589872438 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | 0.051333314 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.847953031 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.270958558 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.844737091 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.567747174 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.298313371 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.171017285 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | 0.258893449 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.686753816 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.536104169 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.618950263 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.730550261 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.69729086 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.65822172 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.861997485 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.916507742 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.544934603 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.451267047 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.750180138 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.815788079 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.164503946 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.46825199 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.69014535 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.865869881 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | 0.42094849 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.448007048 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.90668845 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.7046167 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | NA | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.815726578 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.500978243 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.42699923 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.740308001 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.807179926 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.593845792 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.796172203 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | -0.472332818 | NA |
Note: IPDs are estimated from all UN Votes 1946-2023.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017)
MIDDLE: 2021 IPDs for All Votes and Economic Votes
| Country | 2021 Economic Votes | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.576775751 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.582851126 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | 0.221315134 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | -0.620450793 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.583028462 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.905586699 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.657547517 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.605720818 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.369368136 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | -0.617423486 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.579686755 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.533726094 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | 0.027041559 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | NA | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.593169039 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.594869479 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | 0.136495022 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.592073728 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.615770094 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.235710927 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.997794206 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.617977037 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.442174641 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.92964693 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.609119708 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.598657127 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.59393214 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.610496404 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.667313805 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.046187311 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.48702597 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.614207381 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.873273491 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.78926739 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.581891691 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.602306289 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.55221768 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.597143617 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.610599924 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.433200876 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | -0.537454272 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.381752314 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.202239735 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.677285686 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.62988788 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.200457121 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.599932368 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.492645198 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.78630628 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.451046121 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.542557565 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | -0.029830965 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.389218378 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.635883807 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | -0.281348323 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.612898653 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.562515099 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.442301301 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.934720547 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.849495071 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | -0.252334684 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.595015022 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.595157606 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.590360448 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.587959726 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.639940683 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | -0.123539429 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.598125887 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.61159478 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.837799838 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.600435424 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.199541571 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.752052382 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.139775032 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.564332667 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.857771601 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | -0.546374759 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.385731168 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.598104085 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | 0.005934456 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.960383182 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | 0.028326942 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.601558445 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.588507559 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | -0.389731742 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.541762713 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.756934382 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.771579485 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.471195652 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.591163645 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.590388548 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | 0.129328437 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.562602215 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.57628524 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.514660903 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.653378419 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.607713427 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.604102861 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | -0.62106097 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.592705064 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.805985036 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.375275007 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | 0.212680626 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.352742763 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.571660703 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | 0.192122093 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | -0.534956901 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.564380026 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.586784904 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.614253508 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | -0.525332495 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | -0.001057195 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.670171691 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | -0.53749734 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.555745133 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | 0.146111631 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.532740399 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.598154901 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.570817389 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.609741704 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.597065722 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.591315126 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.605850258 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.596327784 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.603786912 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.406083622 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.203701004 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | 0.152219105 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.605688554 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.586008115 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | -0.47019562 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.563241836 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.833013894 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.7348877 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.615681066 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.8429694 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.97663791 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.820519523 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.363696096 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.787093752 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | -0.039379122 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.609040492 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.572194289 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | 0.367506612 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.425862052 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.56817433 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.879881577 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.520998304 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.595232881 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.797100399 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.689087391 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.608194594 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.6004418 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | -0.608807042 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.612420501 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.558323762 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.609640417 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.563200398 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.141005274 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.139293964 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | -0.329789224 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.626154119 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.582330694 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.368427807 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.608754554 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.609653704 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.832658094 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.760620383 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.568729407 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.601141411 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.839487589 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.590033121 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.506597122 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.166842028 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.715789829 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.588252842 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.50942252 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | -0.11483837 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.603840327 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.555597356 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.604174725 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | -0.406640636 | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.595929381 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.60593116 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.992135838 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.570484479 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.805455295 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.60619293 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.599378916 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | NA | NA |
Note: X-axis estimated with econ. votes from 1971 onward.Y-axis estimated with all votes from all sessions.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017)
RIGHT: 2021 IPDs for All Votes and Post 1990 Votes
| Country | 2021 All Votes subset | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.780468916 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.821341875 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | -0.006977525 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | -0.363369012 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.806006766 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.890628005 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.709171589 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.879022326 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.193057989 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | -0.293318316 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.728070332 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.805748324 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | -0.050429667 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | -0.857164981 | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.822667496 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.776995889 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | -0.013531018 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.845076609 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.939517213 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.331365123 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.999981219 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.918649931 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.617093048 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.738844588 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.969177629 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.733693735 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.958833124 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.948116772 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.863044938 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.133889871 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.28588952 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.943588296 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.920488586 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.839384656 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.822533048 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.85397284 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.699777155 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.862474928 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.93504394 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.51551239 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | -0.346939371 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.151182182 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.040921631 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.824562612 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.852161789 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.043412184 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.950601549 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.697042417 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.993276241 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.673837231 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.65839954 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | -0.136517867 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.051732075 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.793620542 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | -0.15761425 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.99456985 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.309222889 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.35937516 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.984398456 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.545306 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | -0.247370037 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.878397079 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.848790545 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.845518036 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.85604229 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.723499497 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | -0.162918519 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.827646765 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.855271661 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.991720603 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.839381408 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.04250135 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.881334396 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.042534625 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.694051751 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.881379458 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | -0.3412781 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.471688886 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.736285674 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | -0.105570376 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.845149187 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | -0.021867829 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.922289268 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.813709618 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | -0.307720661 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.857120728 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.935039863 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.748385833 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.637365191 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.973712088 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.853043528 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | -0.131561576 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.804544996 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.735328622 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.74781387 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.625947243 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.773163906 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.882679328 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | -0.358511137 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.689665464 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.95056734 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.068943737 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | -0.013438525 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.054597677 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.876021977 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | -0.00973033 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | -0.344257571 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.955402801 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.899498148 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.881893586 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | -0.22268728 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | -0.051857674 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.767610897 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | -0.340022502 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.87334172 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | -0.035516804 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.813507271 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.829422618 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.787902461 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.796937501 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.969601491 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.771892456 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.849182418 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.845103113 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.819782235 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.533483199 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.002015199 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | -0.059952536 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.822342498 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.670410608 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | -0.348105746 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.707107466 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.860306233 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.902391131 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.975146337 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.939159911 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.579958075 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.847916577 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.051497458 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.978813887 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | -0.100970523 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.984077821 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.78077458 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | -0.005353251 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.744769521 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.92980639 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.963117246 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.673952231 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.84650968 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.924577219 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.979929762 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.824213318 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.875152073 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | -0.354677569 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.807593128 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.98972182 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.91162156 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.880184952 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.057740196 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.02474488 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | -0.226207104 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.854045673 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.898173768 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.452072037 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.821684436 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.887597776 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.952674011 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.827639425 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.726317841 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.955713663 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.730862749 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.870289435 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.812442316 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.32822644 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.89855824 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.856320485 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.744637365 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | 0.046340953 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.912378046 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.795212397 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.865963122 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | -0.502863644 | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.769120139 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.918471779 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.851621568 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.817258581 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.918441938 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.978262826 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.785570505 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | NA | NA |
Note: X-axis estimated with all votes from 1991 onward. Y-axis estimated with all votes from all sessions.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017)
Figure 3: Evolution of segmented IPDs from 2021 to 2023
| Country | 2021 segmented IPD | 2023 segmented IPD | Change in IPD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.766415732 | -0.73777163 | 0.028644102 |
| Angola | -0.821726454 | -0.779712547 | 0.042013906 |
| Albania | -0.02529656 | 0.238471742 | 0.263768302 |
| Finland | -0.170856097 | 0.232393393 | 0.40324949 |
| Andorra | -0.370967804 | 0.056787588 | 0.427755392 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.811333706 | -0.839625453 | -0.028291747 |
| Argentina | -0.893387249 | -0.462440142 | 0.430947106 |
| Armenia | -0.716353654 | -0.453442668 | 0.262910986 |
| Australia | 0.180631308 | 0.302498314 | 0.121867006 |
| Antigua | -0.872436097 | -0.73668828 | 0.135747817 |
| Austria | -0.309820478 | 0.143523941 | 0.453344419 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.732112003 | -0.823285083 | -0.091173081 |
| Burundi | -0.814779941 | -0.876854575 | -0.062074634 |
| Belgium | -0.06026648 | 0.198364512 | 0.258630992 |
| Benin | -0.853523089 | -0.687152047 | 0.166371042 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.821556727 | -0.800428269 | 0.021128458 |
| Bangladesh | -0.785371361 | -0.783893163 | 0.001478199 |
| Bulgaria | -0.028211072 | 0.243008485 | 0.271219557 |
| Bahrain | -0.843317873 | -0.903959735 | -0.060641862 |
| Bahamas | -0.931595154 | -0.548089602 | 0.383505553 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.347188681 | 0.063855407 | 0.411044087 |
| Belarus | -0.989710393 | -0.964101132 | 0.025609261 |
| Belize | -0.918896358 | -0.656809073 | 0.262087285 |
| Bolivia | -0.617100446 | -0.99260151 | -0.375501063 |
| Brazil | -0.742720195 | -0.647559127 | 0.095161068 |
| Barbados | -0.972402895 | -0.589086565 | 0.38331633 |
| Brunei | -0.73593598 | -0.935457183 | -0.199521203 |
| Bhutan | -0.956053732 | -0.687961696 | 0.268092036 |
| Botswana | -0.948855053 | -0.681841192 | 0.267013862 |
| Central African Republic | -0.847172071 | -0.673405884 | 0.173766186 |
| Canada | 0.109509599 | 0.39474474 | 0.285235141 |
| Switzerland | -0.304392939 | -0.031824302 | 0.272568637 |
| Chile | -0.955197073 | -0.460197899 | 0.494999174 |
| China | -1 | -1 | 0 |
| Ivory Coast | -0.923474244 | -0.527216919 | 0.396257325 |
| Cameroon | -0.844181029 | -0.621242607 | 0.222938422 |
| Republic of Congo | -0.818008353 | -0.785032465 | 0.032975888 |
| Colombia | -0.857054525 | -0.579805105 | 0.277249421 |
| Comoros | -0.699664294 | -0.82658849 | -0.126924196 |
| Cape Verde | -0.858705011 | -0.545484042 | 0.313220969 |
| Costa Rica | -0.941704138 | -0.505875746 | 0.435828391 |
| Cuba | -0.523217809 | -0.884607408 | -0.361389599 |
| Cyprus | -0.357231006 | 0.022008727 | 0.379239732 |
| Czech Republic | 0.133531074 | 0.432331841 | 0.298800766 |
| Germany | 0.033601229 | 0.329328278 | 0.29572705 |
| Djibouti | -0.835508841 | -0.848368827 | -0.012859986 |
| Dominica | -0.847234403 | -0.724009735 | 0.123224668 |
| Denmark | 0.022321837 | 0.280877127 | 0.258555291 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.950965233 | -0.508771452 | 0.442193781 |
| Algeria | -0.694102121 | -0.995495855 | -0.301393734 |
| Ecuador | -0.995420236 | -0.546558024 | 0.448862211 |
| Egypt | -0.680368982 | -0.994820242 | -0.31445126 |
| Eritrea | -0.660092293 | -0.951883513 | -0.29179122 |
| Spain | -0.153267565 | 0.177582859 | 0.330850424 |
| Estonia | 0.045586602 | 0.290339069 | 0.244752468 |
| Ethiopia | -0.798622393 | -0.759751846 | 0.038870547 |
| Fiji | -0.999609023 | -0.432779207 | 0.566829816 |
| France | 0.281262304 | 0.465788474 | 0.18452617 |
| Gabon | -0.985376528 | -0.728972151 | 0.256404377 |
| UK | 0.52642859 | 0.733640093 | 0.207211503 |
| Georgia | -0.254145684 | 0.099402322 | 0.353548006 |
| Ghana | -0.869142952 | -0.761350168 | 0.107792784 |
| Guinea | -0.850958703 | -0.737549604 | 0.113409099 |
| Gambia | -0.833761216 | -0.747893693 | 0.085867522 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.856088106 | -0.831195593 | 0.024892513 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.718091145 | -0.882981105 | -0.16488996 |
| Greece | -0.170976277 | 0.135535384 | 0.306511661 |
| Grenada | -0.820029291 | -0.718637175 | 0.101392117 |
| Guatemala | -0.864013844 | -0.392752127 | 0.471261718 |
| Guyana | -0.990343459 | -0.584364962 | 0.405978497 |
| Honduras | -0.846467285 | -0.573521021 | 0.272946264 |
| Croatia | 0.022272315 | 0.33069424 | 0.308421924 |
| Haiti | -0.88051031 | -0.583620989 | 0.296889321 |
| Hungary | 0.036952374 | 0.405241717 | 0.368289343 |
| Indonesia | -0.700053568 | -0.925872035 | -0.225818467 |
| India | -0.886630665 | -0.689996128 | 0.196634537 |
| Ireland | -0.356064174 | 0.042263341 | 0.398327515 |
| Iran | -0.478293184 | -0.721446982 | -0.243153798 |
| Iraq | -0.741140115 | -0.912716703 | -0.171576588 |
| Iceland | -0.120220522 | 0.135225331 | 0.255445854 |
| Israel | 0.847086543 | 0.860231562 | 0.013145019 |
| Italy | -0.036960648 | 0.289840135 | 0.326800783 |
| San Marino | -0.363852372 | 0.051333314 | 0.415185686 |
| Jamaica | -0.921527569 | -0.594477606 | 0.327049962 |
| Jordan | -0.806750107 | -0.865211491 | -0.058461384 |
| Japan | -0.322188977 | 0.025080027 | 0.347269004 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.85244603 | -0.755134255 | 0.097311775 |
| Kenya | -0.94939506 | -0.735702171 | 0.21369289 |
| Kyrgyzstan | -0.752754431 | -0.777622418 | -0.024867987 |
| Cambodia | -0.635073804 | -0.764431142 | -0.129357337 |
| Kiribati | -0.981890225 | -0.45573789 | 0.526152335 |
| Nevis | -0.840700884 | -0.717018895 | 0.123681989 |
| Saint Kitts | -0.840700884 | -0.717018895 | 0.123681989 |
| South Korea | -0.143441201 | 0.110854912 | 0.254296113 |
| Kuwait | -0.801336886 | -0.848661315 | -0.047324429 |
| Laos | -0.735090885 | -0.922523775 | -0.18743289 |
| Lebanon | -0.760701091 | -0.950097865 | -0.189396774 |
| Liberia | -0.631063689 | -0.009501042 | 0.621562646 |
| Libya | -0.773483656 | -0.883078754 | -0.109595098 |
| Saint Lucia | -0.876686539 | -0.730593027 | 0.146093511 |
| Liechtenstein | -0.374958439 | 0.028938677 | 0.403897116 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.68877721 | -0.907267316 | -0.218490106 |
| Lesotho | -0.952409866 | -0.791096509 | 0.161313358 |
| Lithuania | 0.055897308 | 0.366841048 | 0.31094374 |
| Luxembourg | -0.033585346 | 0.217755766 | 0.251341111 |
| Latvia | 0.038071436 | 0.286787977 | 0.248716541 |
| Morocco | -0.883156465 | -0.696306431 | 0.186850034 |
| Monaco | -0.030290968 | 0.251909889 | 0.282200858 |
| Moldova | -0.352216849 | 0.070791568 | 0.423008416 |
| Madagascar | -0.961938015 | -0.777107293 | 0.184830722 |
| Maldives | -0.900228853 | -0.775682122 | 0.124546732 |
| Mexico | -0.884339397 | -0.454372407 | 0.42996699 |
| Marshall Islands | -0.231785831 | 0.118929001 | 0.350714831 |
| North Macedonia | -0.071852059 | 0.137295911 | 0.20914797 |
| Mali | -0.762182111 | -0.910156352 | -0.147974241 |
| Malta | -0.345805707 | 0.049657097 | 0.395462804 |
| Myanmar | -0.884045922 | -0.547381674 | 0.336664248 |
| Montenegro | -0.051341163 | 0.202988823 | 0.254329986 |
| Mongolia | -0.811142575 | -0.806912742 | 0.004229834 |
| Mozambique | -0.832195634 | -0.749777681 | 0.082417952 |
| Mauritania | -0.792513261 | -0.895133833 | -0.102620571 |
| Mauritius | -0.793466773 | -0.682229648 | 0.111237125 |
| Malawi | -0.96972881 | -0.492889746 | 0.476839064 |
| Malaysia | -0.777219756 | -0.843529923 | -0.066310167 |
| Namibia | -0.851144603 | -0.827115172 | 0.024029431 |
| Niger | -0.844117798 | -0.854395552 | -0.010277754 |
| Nigeria | -0.822546556 | -0.872870598 | -0.050324043 |
| Nicaragua | -0.534008169 | -0.726170382 | -0.192162213 |
| Netherlands | -0.014787768 | 0.229164063 | 0.243951831 |
| Norway | -0.061706826 | 0.081175623 | 0.142882449 |
| Nepal | -0.818981948 | -0.737948192 | 0.081033757 |
| Nauru | -0.680654061 | -0.28213597 | 0.398518091 |
| New Zealand | -0.357523967 | 0.046513146 | 0.404037112 |
| Oman | -0.708954913 | -0.982229775 | -0.273274862 |
| Pakistan | -0.870020361 | -0.768929854 | 0.101090507 |
| Panama | -0.901491115 | -0.481812936 | 0.419678179 |
| Peru | -0.976967924 | -0.554259439 | 0.422708484 |
| Philippines | -0.937367592 | -0.744767765 | 0.192599827 |
| Palau | -0.589448487 | -0.11231506 | 0.477133427 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.856875403 | -0.308262386 | 0.548613017 |
| Poland | 0.033061929 | 0.289980142 | 0.256918213 |
| North Korea | -0.982258314 | -0.987721025 | -0.005462711 |
| Portugal | -0.118667243 | 0.19091511 | 0.309582353 |
| Paraguay | -0.971000148 | -0.517094041 | 0.453906107 |
| Qatar | -0.776301631 | -0.81750304 | -0.041201409 |
| Romania | -0.029484133 | 0.31254625 | 0.342030383 |
| Russia | -0.743782802 | -0.908976932 | -0.16519413 |
| Rwanda | -0.93398074 | -0.702799712 | 0.231181029 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.958761735 | -0.917218164 | 0.041543572 |
| Sudan | -0.682469596 | -0.927133404 | -0.244663809 |
| South Sudan | -0.991276702 | -0.270958558 | 0.720318144 |
| Senegal | -0.843788135 | -0.79003729 | 0.053750845 |
| Singapore | -0.920025303 | -0.665092205 | 0.254933098 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.967736141 | -0.658799466 | 0.308936675 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.809874551 | -0.643204139 | 0.166670412 |
| El Salvador | -0.871290543 | -0.589872438 | 0.281418105 |
| Somalia | -0.805141195 | -0.847953031 | -0.042811836 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.921387991 | -0.844737091 | 0.0766509 |
| Suriname | -0.894584612 | -0.567747174 | 0.326837438 |
| Slovakia | 0.041942556 | 0.298313371 | 0.256370816 |
| Slovenia | 0.005356549 | 0.171017285 | 0.165660736 |
| Sweden | -0.242057343 | 0.258893449 | 0.500950792 |
| Swaziland | -0.846106907 | -0.686753816 | 0.159353091 |
| Seychelles | -0.894628933 | -0.536104169 | 0.358524764 |
| Syria | -0.457199422 | -0.618950263 | -0.161750841 |
| Chad | -0.824000103 | -0.730550261 | 0.093449842 |
| Togo | -0.886526791 | -0.69729086 | 0.189235931 |
| Thailand | -0.957022876 | -0.65822172 | 0.298801155 |
| Tajikistan | -0.820283835 | -0.861997485 | -0.04171365 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.731789002 | -0.916507742 | -0.184718739 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.950927023 | -0.544934603 | 0.40599242 |
| Tonga | -0.736019039 | -0.451267047 | 0.284751991 |
| Trinidad | -0.87397553 | -0.750180138 | 0.123795392 |
| Tobago | -0.87397553 | -0.750180138 | 0.123795392 |
| Tunisia | -0.815402286 | -0.815788079 | -3.86E-04 |
| Turkey | -0.33248833 | -0.164503946 | 0.167984385 |
| Tanzania | -0.861846083 | -0.69014535 | 0.171700733 |
| Uganda | -0.745865263 | -0.865869881 | -0.120004619 |
| Ukraine | 0.030009723 | 0.42094849 | 0.390938767 |
| Uruguay | -0.913309021 | -0.448007048 | 0.465301973 |
| USA | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.80119327 | -0.90668845 | -0.10549518 |
| Saint Vincent | -0.867520434 | -0.7046167 | 0.162903734 |
| Vietnam | -0.759412624 | -0.815726578 | -0.056313953 |
| Vanuatu | -0.928307648 | -0.500978243 | 0.427329404 |
| Samoa | -0.867218721 | -0.42699923 | 0.44021949 |
| Yemen | -0.811095731 | -0.740308001 | 0.07078773 |
| South Africa | -0.924333561 | -0.807179926 | 0.117153635 |
| Zambia | -0.984614262 | -0.593845792 | 0.39076847 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.790545834 | -0.796172203 | -0.005626369 |
| Tuvalu | -0.910482802 | -0.46825199 | 0.442230812 |
| Micronesia | 0.346527209 | 0.494910483 | 0.148383275 |
Note: The map illustrates changes in geopolitical alignments between 2021 and 2023 based on segmented Ideal Point Distances (seg). Countries shifting toward stronger alignment with the United States are marked accordingly, highlighting notable realignments, especially evident among European and Oceanic countries.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017)
Figure 4: Distortive and net trade restriction announcements by bloc
LEFT: Distortive trade restrict annoucements by bloc
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 1591 | 4133 | 2794 |
| 2018 | 2108 | 4544 | 3921 |
| 2019 | 1910 | 5186 | 4026 |
| 2020 | 3079 | 7384 | 5059 |
| 2021 | 2939 | 6751 | 4308 |
| 2022 | 3843 | 10725 | 8537 |
| 2023 | 3296 | 9945 | 7760 |
RIGHT: Net trade restrict annoucements by bloc
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 1509 | 3937 | 2685 |
| 2018 | 1913 | 3918 | 3813 |
| 2019 | 1774 | 4727 | 3843 |
| 2020 | 2724 | 6489 | 4736 |
| 2021 | 2685 | 5896 | 3907 |
| 2022 | 2950 | 8046 | 7320 |
| 2023 | 2457 | 7165 | 7413 |
Note: Figure (a) shows the sum of distortive trade restriction announcements by year and bloc, and (b) shows the sum of net trade restriction announcements by year and bloc, calculated as the difference between distortive and liberalizing. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Baseline IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2021.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 5: Distortive and net NIPO trade restriction announcements by bloc
LEFT: Distortive NIPO trade restrict annoucements by bloc
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 1 | 18 | 4 |
| 2020 | 198 | 592 | 308 |
| 2021 | 25 | 205 | 205 |
| 2022 | 672 | 2452 | 681 |
| 2023 | 1037 | 4465 | 4236 |
RIGHT: Net NIPO trade restrict annoucements by bloc
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 1 | 18 | 4 |
| 2020 | 103 | 324 | 159 |
| 2021 | -19 | 94 | 193 |
| 2022 | 341 | 1483 | 230 |
| 2023 | 853 | 3870 | 4122 |
Note: Figure (a) shows the sum of NIPO distortive trade restriction announcements by year and bloc, and (b) shows the sum of NIPO net trade restriction announcements by year and bloc, calculated as the difference between distortive and liberalizing. An act is classified as NIPO if it mentions at least one of the following motives: Strategic competitiveness, national security, digital transformation, resilience/security of supply, geopolitical concerns, or climate change mitigation. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Baseline IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2021.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 6: Distortive interventions by motives and bloc
LEFT: Aligned
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 69 | 134 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 56 | 309 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 90 | 8 | 348 | 229 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 1 | 0 | 46 | 187 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 107 | 15 | 153 | 306 |
MIDDLE: Nonaligned
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 26 | 199 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 492 | 2058 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 240 | 82 | 1309 | 1043 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 20 | 3 | 169 | 827 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 332 | 118 | 456 | 1091 |
RIGHT: Distant
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 65 | 3265 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 139 | 186 | 432 | 553 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 123 | 2 | 99 | 3062 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 46 | 17 | 85 | 238 |
Note: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by motive and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Baseline IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2021.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 7: Discriminatory interventions by bloc and sector
UPPER-LEFT: Low Carbon Technology
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 762 | 1950 | 1598 |
| 2021 | 1006 | 2269 | 1823 |
| 2022 | 1533 | 4911 | 5400 |
| 2023 | 1542 | 4813 | 5154 |
UPPER-MIDDLE: Dual-Use Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1840 | 4932 | 3540 |
| 2021 | 1818 | 4473 | 3592 |
| 2022 | 2645 | 8171 | 7665 |
| 2023 | 2215 | 6646 | 6616 |
UPPER-RIGHT: Critical Minerals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 209 | 546 | 417 |
| 2021 | 329 | 1007 | 719 |
| 2022 | 940 | 3384 | 3841 |
| 2023 | 589 | 2728 | 3093 |
MIDDLE-LEFT: Advanced Technology Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1743 | 4311 | 3385 |
| 2021 | 1415 | 3539 | 2779 |
| 2022 | 1631 | 5703 | 6705 |
| 2023 | 1663 | 5619 | 6094 |
MIDDLE-MIDDLE: Medical Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1661 | 3933 | 2506 |
| 2021 | 805 | 1973 | 1242 |
| 2022 | 1151 | 4450 | 5428 |
| 2023 | 864 | 3952 | 4577 |
MIDDLE-RIGHT: Chemicals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 355 | 844 | 389 |
| 2021 | 200 | 588 | 638 |
| 2022 | 867 | 3282 | 3857 |
| 2023 | 633 | 2646 | 2863 |
LOWER-LEFT: Critical Raw Materials - Downstream
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 682 | 1643 | 1871 |
| 2021 | 901 | 2096 | 1986 |
| 2022 | 1471 | 4972 | 5810 |
| 2023 | 1262 | 4488 | 5340 |
LOWER-MIDDLE: Industrial Raw Materials
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 232 | 625 | 325 |
| 2021 | 342 | 1059 | 659 |
| 2022 | 915 | 3368 | 3707 |
| 2023 | 541 | 2709 | 3065 |
LOWER-RIGHT: IT or Digital Services
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 5 | 8 | 6 |
| 2021 | 23 | 36 | 22 |
| 2022 | 119 | 239 | 81 |
| 2023 | 54 | 102 | 52 |
Note: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by sector and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Baseline IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2021.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 8: Distortive interventions by type and bloc
UPPER-LEFT: Horizontal
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 2021 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| 2022 | 226 | 146 | 2 |
| 2023 | 50 | 109 | 7 |
UPPER-MIDDLE: R&D Related
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 48 | 96 | 65 |
| 2021 | 329 | 389 | 85 |
| 2022 | 151 | 237 | 592 |
| 2023 | 46 | 102 | 147 |
UPPER-RIGHT: Support Electrical Energy
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 39 | 155 | 80 |
| 2021 | 38 | 92 | 3 |
| 2022 | 194 | 396 | 530 |
| 2023 | 89 | 230 | 139 |
BOTTOM-LEFT: Sanction
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1 | 20 | 124 |
| 2021 | 4 | 77 | 442 |
| 2022 | 539 | 3220 | 4350 |
| 2023 | 333 | 2153 | 3269 |
BOTTOM-MIDDLE: Infrastructure, Transport, Cargo, or Logistics
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 123 | 254 | 60 |
| 2021 | 85 | 105 | 47 |
| 2022 | 251 | 502 | 726 |
| 2023 | 27 | 110 | 304 |
Note: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by type and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Baseline IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2021. We omit Recycling Service and FDI Screening Mechanism from the analysis, as no distortive interventions were identified in these categories in the period under analysis.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 9: Country blocs defined using the 2023 IPD with all votes.
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (LEFT: Aligned)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 72 | 173 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 68 | 285 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 107 | 12 | 599 | 376 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 1 | 0 | 62 | 138 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 120 | 15 | 177 | 351 |
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (MIDDLE: Nonaligned)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 22 | 169 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 381 | 2356 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 198 | 93 | 907 | 816 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 35 | 2 | 116 | 1103 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 290 | 112 | 381 | 980 |
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (RIGHT: Distant)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 62 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 165 | 3043 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 164 | 171 | 601 | 647 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 108 | 3 | 144 | 2857 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 72 | 23 | 136 | 340 |
Notes: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by motive and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the IPD, constructed using all votes, in 2023.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 10: Country blocs defined using the 2021 Economic IPD.
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (LEFT: Aligned)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 44 | 115 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 65 | 315 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 59 | 12 | 81 | 59 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 2 | 0 | 22 | 111 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 36 | 7 | 75 | 243 |
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (MIDDLE: Nonaligned)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 2 | 51 | 210 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 523 | 2705 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 284 | 111 | 1608 | 1239 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 43 | 4 | 223 | 1493 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 423 | 140 | 569 | 1186 |
Distortive Interventions by Motives and Bloc (RIGHT: Distant)
| Interventions | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Mitigation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 |
| Geopolitical Concerns | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2586 |
| Resilience/Security of Supply | 125 | 153 | 387 | 519 |
| Digital Transformation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Security | 98 | 1 | 69 | 2455 |
| Strategic Competitiveness | 25 | 3 | 48 | 204 |
Notes: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by motive and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Economic IPD, constructed using economic votes, in 2021.
Figure 11: Country blocs defined using the 2023 IPD with all votes.
UPPER-LEFT: Low Carbon Technology
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 830 | 1806 | 1655 |
| 2021 | 1174 | 1979 | 1912 |
| 2022 | 1524 | 4861 | 5420 |
| 2023 | 1604 | 5067 | 5176 |
UPPER-MIDDLE: Dual-Use Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2055 | 4324 | 3871 |
| 2021 | 2075 | 3810 | 3904 |
| 2022 | 3001 | 7314 | 8214 |
| 2023 | 2384 | 6411 | 7058 |
UPPER-RIGHT: Critical Minerals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 229 | 447 | 483 |
| 2021 | 403 | 731 | 883 |
| 2022 | 1011 | 3267 | 3836 |
| 2023 | 723 | 2769 | 3060 |
MIDDLE-LEFT: Advanced Technology Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1710 | 4178 | 3528 |
| 2021 | 1484 | 3312 | 2888 |
| 2022 | 1607 | 5743 | 6657 |
| 2023 | 1641 | 5857 | 6189 |
MIDDLE-MIDDLE: Medical Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1665 | 3670 | 2733 |
| 2021 | 901 | 1715 | 1373 |
| 2022 | 1191 | 4398 | 5404 |
| 2023 | 974 | 3950 | 4643 |
MIDDLE-RIGHT: Chemicals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 303 | 801 | 478 |
| 2021 | 189 | 597 | 637 |
| 2022 | 1049 | 3189 | 3738 |
| 2023 | 708 | 2751 | 2843 |
LOWER-LEFT: Critical Raw Materials - Downstream
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 654 | 1637 | 1882 |
| 2021 | 1058 | 1868 | 2008 |
| 2022 | 1470 | 4947 | 5785 |
| 2023 | 1327 | 4791 | 5234 |
LOWER-MIDDLE: Industrial Raw Materials
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 241 | 499 | 428 |
| 2021 | 378 | 814 | 840 |
| 2022 | 976 | 3236 | 3717 |
| 2023 | 623 | 2790 | 3040 |
LOWER-RIGHT: IT or Digital Services
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| 2021 | 17 | 37 | 27 |
| 2022 | 114 | 143 | 184 |
| 2023 | 86 | 68 | 54 |
Notes: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by sector and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the IPD constructed using all votes, in 2023.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations
Figure 12: Country blocs defined using the 2021 Economic IPD.
UPPER-LEFT: Low Carbon Technology
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 540 | 2488 | 1274 |
| 2021 | 753 | 2927 | 1411 |
| 2022 | 1208 | 6159 | 4442 |
| 2023 | 1170 | 5933 | 4371 |
UPPER-MIDDLE: Dual-Use Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1216 | 6269 | 2801 |
| 2021 | 1441 | 5660 | 2770 |
| 2022 | 2451 | 9744 | 6230 |
| 2023 | 1703 | 8201 | 5531 |
UPPER-RIGHT: Critical Minerals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 97 | 757 | 314 |
| 2021 | 184 | 1322 | 540 |
| 2022 | 652 | 4344 | 3136 |
| 2023 | 372 | 3540 | 2462 |
MIDDLE-LEFT: Advanced Technology Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1143 | 5421 | 2856 |
| 2021 | 1013 | 4565 | 2143 |
| 2022 | 1284 | 7266 | 5454 |
| 2023 | 1204 | 7091 | 5045 |
MIDDLE-MIDDLE: Medical Products
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1031 | 4840 | 2212 |
| 2021 | 415 | 2587 | 1007 |
| 2022 | 881 | 5554 | 4559 |
| 2023 | 643 | 4969 | 3746 |
MIDDLE-RIGHT: Chemicals
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 198 | 1111 | 272 |
| 2021 | 88 | 861 | 471 |
| 2022 | 1005 | 3768 | 3194 |
| 2023 | 397 | 3407 | 2304 |
LOWER-LEFT: Critical Raw Materials - Downstream
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 463 | 2314 | 1411 |
| 2021 | 752 | 2675 | 1549 |
| 2022 | 1204 | 6359 | 4655 |
| 2023 | 1019 | 5595 | 4441 |
LOWER-MIDDLE: Industrial Raw Materials
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 99 | 835 | 243 |
| 2021 | 192 | 1383 | 477 |
| 2022 | 646 | 4266 | 3044 |
| 2023 | 372 | 3462 | 2446 |
LOWER-RIGHT: IT or Digital Services
| Year | Aligned | Nonaligned | Distant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 4 | 9 | 6 |
| 2021 | 19 | 45 | 17 |
| 2022 | 112 | 284 | 42 |
| 2023 | 55 | 118 | 35 |
Notes: Distribution of NIPO distortive inteventions by motive and bloc. Aligned, nonaligned and distant blocs are constructed using the Economic IPD, constructed using economic votes, in 2021.
Source: Evenett et al. (2024), Bailey et al.(2017); Authors' Calculations