Figure 1: Map of origination and destination countries for 2020-21
The figure shows a map that covers 137 countries, with country shading based on whether a country only sends payments, receive payments, or fall somewhere in between. Of over 100 countries shaded, 32 only originate payments (for example, the United States), 86 only receive payments (China), and 19 both originate and receive payments (South Africa). The shading is based on the payment options covered in the RPW for the 2020-21 period.
Note. Based on the payment options covered in the RPW for the 2020-21 period. The map covers 137 countries, of which 32 only originate payments (for example, the United States), 86 only receive payments (China), and 19 both originate and receive payments (South Africa).
Figure 2: Histograms of AML indexes for source and destination countries
The figure shows two histograms: The top histogram is for AML risks in source countries and the bottom one for AML risks in destination countries. The frequencies reflect the sample composition. The histograms show substantial systematic differences between source and destination countries. Source countries (typically advanced economies) exhibit substantially lower AML risks, with the mean of 4.71 and the standard deviation of 0.72, than destination countries (mostly emerging market economies), with the mean of 5.87 and the standard deviation of 0.87. Moreover, source country upper percentiles correspond to destination country lower-middle percentiles.
Note. Based on the Basel Institutes's AML indexes. The frequencies reflect the sample composition.
Figure 3: Scatter plots of rule of law and AML risk indexes
The figure shows two scatter plots: The top scatter plot correlates AML risks and rule of law indexes in source countries and the bottom one those indexes for destination countries. The frequencies reflect the sample composition. In the top plot, for AML risks in the 75th percentile, enforcement intensity varies in a wide range (between 0.4 and 1) and, in the bottom plot, for the 25 percentile AML risk index (which itself is a bit higher than than the 75th percentile of AML risks for source countries), the rule of law indexes span the entire range from 0 to 1.
Note. In each panel, the first vertical line denotes the 25th percentile of the AML risk index, the second line the 50th percentile, and the third line the 75th percentile. Dots represent sample observations.