FRB: Finance and Economics Discussion Series: Data

Figure 1: Employment-to-population rates by age

year	month	16-17	18-19	20-24	25-54
1950	1	33.2	54.1	59.4	61.6
1950	2	33.6	54.7	59.6	61.6
1950	3	31.7	54.5	59.6	61.7
1950	4	34.5	54.7	60.8	62.4
1950	5	31.5	56.4	60.4	62.6
1950	6	34.7	54.7	59.9	63.3
1950	7	34.7	55.8	59.5	63
1950	8	36.3	56.6	61.5	63.7
1950	9	36.6	56.9	61.5	63.4
1950	10	38.6	57.5	62.9	63.7
1950	11	37.8	57.1	62.3	63.7
1950	12	37.5	56.1	63	63.4
1951	1	38.2	55.9	62.5	64
1951	2	38.1	56.5	63	64
1951	3	39.1	59.9	63.8	64.4
1951	4	36.8	58.2	62.5	64.3
1951	5	39.6	58.5	62.7	64.5
1951	6	37.3	57	62.3	63.8
1951	7	38.2	59	62	64.8
1951	8	39.3	58.8	61.7	64.5
1951	9	39.8	58.3	61.1	64.3
1951	10	39.1	58.6	61.4	64.7
1951	11	36.7	58.1	61.6	64.6
1951	12	38.9	59.4	62.6	65
1952	1	37	58.5	61.6	65.1
1952	2	38.7	57.8	61.2	65.2
1952	3	37.7	57.3	60.2	65.2
1952	4	38	57.1	60.1	65
1952	5	38.7	57.3	59.5	65.1
1952	6	39.8	58.3	60	64.9
1952	7	38.3	56.5	59.2	64.7
1952	8	38.3	54	58.6	64.5
1952	9	39.2	54.7	57.3	65.3
1952	10	37.6	55.3	56.9	64.7
1952	11	38.9	56.7	58.3	65.2
1952	12	38.2	57.6	59	65.5
1953	1	39.2	59.5	60.2	65.7
1953	2	40.4	60.7	61	65.8
1953	3	41.3	57.9	59.6	66
1953	4	39.3	57.8	59.2	65.5
1953	5	37.2	55.8	60.3	64.9
1953	6	38.3	57.2	58.5	65.3
1953	7	36.8	56.2	58.8	65.4
1953	8	37	56.3	57.6	65.2
1953	9	35.5	57.2	57.2	65
1953	10	32.5	55.6	56.7	65.1
1953	11	35.6	54.8	56.2	65.3
1953	12	34.6	53.6	54.9	64.6
1954	1	36.7	54.7	54.4	64.2
1954	2	35.9	54.5	55.2	64.6
1954	3	34.8	55.7	56.2	64
1954	4	34.7	53	56.2	64
1954	5	33.1	51.9	56.3	63.7
1954	6	32.2	52.1	55.8	63.6
1954	7	32.4	51.5	56.2	63.4
1954	8	31.8	52.2	56.2	63.4
1954	9	31.6	53.1	56.6	63.7
1954	10	32.5	51.6	56	63.6
1954	11	31.5	51.9	56.3	64.1
1954	12	28.3	51.6	55.7	64
1955	1	32.2	52.1	56.2	64.5
1955	2	30.9	51.8	57.4	64.5
1955	3	31.5	51.8	57.5	64.4
1955	4	32.7	53	57.8	64.8
1955	5	32.8	53.1	57	65
1955	6	32.5	52.3	56.8	65.3
1955	7	33.5	55	58	65.7
1955	8	34.6	54.8	58.6	65.8
1955	9	34.8	55.8	58.7	65.7
1955	10	35.1	57.3	59.4	65.6
1955	11	37	57.7	60.8	65.6
1955	12	37	59.2	60.5	65.9
1956	1	35.8	57.8	59	66.2
1956	2	34.5	56.9	60.2	65.8
1956	3	35.1	54.5	59.4	65.7
1956	4	36.7	52.8	59.6	65.9
1956	5	37.8	54.9	59.7	65.9
1956	6	37.4	55.2	60.3	65.9
1956	7	37.9	54.9	59.6	65.7
1956	8	37.1	55	59.7	66
1956	9	37.7	54	60.1	66
1956	10	36.4	54.1	60.2	66
1956	11	35.8	54	60.3	65.9
1956	12	37	55.3	59.5	65.8
1957	1	35.5	54.3	60.5	65.6
1957	2	36.2	54.3	59.5	66.2
1957	3	36.2	54.3	60.5	66.4
1957	4	35.9	53.5	59.5	66.1
1957	5	35.6	52.8	59.4	66.1
1957	6	35.7	53.9	59.9	66
1957	7	35.7	54.3	61.1	66.3
1957	8	34.2	53.7	59.6	65.9
1957	9	34	54	59.1	65.9
1957	10	34.9	54.3	58.6	65.9
1957	11	34.5	53	57.8	65.6
1957	12	33.6	53.4	58.5	65.5
1958	1	32.3	50.2	57.7	65
1958	2	32.8	50.6	56.8	64.4
1958	3	31.3	51.1	56.4	64.3
1958	4	31	50.3	56.3	64.2
1958	5	32	51.1	56.8	64.3
1958	6	30.8	49.5	57.3	64.2
1958	7	30	48.6	57.3	64.4
1958	8	31.2	49.7	57.5	64.7
1958	9	30	49.8	57.3	64.8
1958	10	32.1	50.1	57.9	65
1958	11	30.7	50.2	58.2	65
1958	12	31	51.1	57.1	65.1
1959	1	32.1	52	57.4	65.3
1959	2	31.5	52.1	57.2	65.1
1959	3	30.4	52.4	58.1	65.7
1959	4	31.8	51.4	59.4	65.9
1959	5	30.9	50.1	59.2	65.9
1959	6	31.7	49.7	58.5	66.1
1959	7	31.7	49.1	58.9	66
1959	8	30.7	50	59.2	65.6
1959	9	30.8	50.9	59.3	65.4
1959	10	30.7	50	59.6	65.6
1959	11	30.4	50.5	59.1	65.2
1959	12	31.9	50.2	60	65.9
1960	1	31	51.4	58.9	65.8
1960	2	32.5	51.9	59.9	65.9
1960	3	29.9	51	59.2	65.3
1960	4	32.5	52.7	60.3	66.1
1960	5	31.9	52.8	60.4	66.2
1960	6	33.2	53.4	60	66.1
1960	7	32	51.5	59.8	66
1960	8	31.5	50.2	59.4	66
1960	9	32.3	50.5	59.6	66.2
1960	10	31.2	49.8	59	65.5
1960	11	32.4	49.6	59.1	65.7
1960	12	29.5	49.2	58.5	65.2
1961	1	30.6	49	60	65.2
1961	2	30.1	47.8	59.9	64.9
1961	3	31.5	47.8	59.2	65.3
1961	4	29.2	48.4	57.5	65.3
1961	5	29.1	48.6	57.6	65.2
1961	6	30.7	49.8	56.9	65.6
1961	7	29.7	49.3	57.5	65.2
1961	8	30	51.1	58.7	65.2
1961	9	29	47.6	60.5	65.2
1961	10	28.4	49.2	59.1	65.6
1961	11	29.1	50.6	59.9	65.4
1961	12	29.2	49.2	59.4	65.4
1962	1	28.5	48.8	59.2	65.7
1962	2	29.1	48.6	58.8	65.9
1962	3	29.8	50	58.1	65.8
1962	4	28.8	50.4	59.1	65.7
1962	5	30	51.5	59.3	66
1962	6	29.5	53.8	59.7	65.9
1962	7	29.6	51.4	59.5	65.9
1962	8	28.8	52.5	59.4	66.3
1962	9	30.1	49	59.6	66.3
1962	10	29.3	49	60.3	66.2
1962	11	28.4	47.3	60.1	66.1
1962	12	28.6	49.6	59.6	66
1963	1	29.1	48.4	59.7	66
1963	2	27.4	48.5	60	66
1963	3	27	49.2	59.9	66.3
1963	4	27.6	49.9	59.8	66.5
1963	5	27.6	49.5	59.4	66.5
1963	6	27.1	49.5	59.2	66.5
1963	7	27.5	48.5	59.8	66.5
1963	8	28.1	49.9	59.3	66.4
1963	9	27.9	50.8	59.3	66.5
1963	10	28.6	50.2	59	66.7
1963	11	27.3	49.2	59.1	66.7
1963	12	27.4	49.1	59.2	66.7
1964	1	28.5	48.3	59.5	66.6
1964	2	29.4	49.7	59.6	66.8
1964	3	29	49.3	59.9	66.8
1964	4	28.2	47.7	61.2	67.1
1964	5	29.4	48.2	61	67.4
1964	6	29.1	48	60.1	67.1
1964	7	28.9	49	60.6	67
1964	8	28.5	48.3	61.4	67.1
1964	9	30.3	49.9	61.4	66.9
1964	10	27.9	49.4	61.1	66.8
1964	11	28.3	48.5	61.4	66.9
1964	12	27.8	48.8	61.5	67.1
1965	1	26.1	48.7	61.3	67.3
1965	2	27.6	47.8	61.5	67.1
1965	3	28.5	47.9	61.6	67.3
1965	4	29.2	48.5	61.8	67.4
1965	5	29.7	49.4	62	67.6
1965	6	29	47.1	61.6	67.9
1965	7	30.4	50	62.4	67.9
1965	8	30.3	49.1	62.1	67.9
1965	9	31.2	49.1	61.7	67.7
1965	10	32.1	50.3	62	67.8
1965	11	31.6	50.8	62.3	67.9
1965	12	32.1	52.1	62.4	68
1966	1	32.5	51.8	62.8	68.1
1966	2	32	50.5	62.9	68.1
1966	3	31.1	51.1	62.8	68.1
1966	4	31.8	50.9	63.4	68.2
1966	5	31.3	49.8	63.9	68.4
1966	6	32.7	52	63.4	68.3
1966	7	33.2	52.3	62.9	68.3
1966	8	33.6	52.8	62.7	68.5
1966	9	32.7	50.3	62.3	68.8
1966	10	32.9	51.5	62.8	68.8
1966	11	34.1	52.8	62.9	69
1966	12	34.7	52.7	63.2	68.9
1967	1	33.7	51.3	63.1	68.8
1967	2	32.8	51.8	63.8	68.6
1967	3	33.3	51.1	63.3	68.6
1967	4	32.4	51.5	63.4	68.8
1967	5	32.2	51.2	63.4	68.8
1967	6	33.7	52.9	63.5	68.8
1967	7	33.8	52.7	63.1	69.1
1967	8	34	52.2	63.2	69.2
1967	9	33.3	51.9	62.9	69.2
1967	10	33.7	50.9	62.9	69.3
1967	11	33.1	50.7	63.7	69.2
1967	12	33.3	51.4	63.7	69.4
1968	1	31.9	50.9	62.8	68.9
1968	2	33.1	52.3	62.6	69.2
1968	3	32.4	52.7	62.5	69.4
1968	4	32.8	52.3	62.8	69.4
1968	5	33.7	51.9	63.1	69.7
1968	6	34.5	52.1	62.9	69.8
1968	7	34	51.5	63.8	69.5
1968	8	34	52.4	63.2	69.4
1968	9	33.3	52	63.4	69.5
1968	10	33.4	52	63.1	69.4
1968	11	33	51.7	63.2	69.6
1968	12	33.1	51.3	63.6	69.7
1969	1	33.4	51.6	63.4	69.7
1969	2	33.5	51.6	64.3	70
1969	3	34.1	51.6	64.5	69.8
1969	4	34.7	51.7	64.5	69.7
1969	5	33.6	50.9	64	69.8
1969	6	34.8	54	65	69.9
1969	7	34.6	53.4	64.5	69.9
1969	8	34	54.2	64.8	70.1
1969	9	35.4	54	64.2	70.1
1969	10	35.9	54.1	64	70.2
1969	11	36.2	54.7	64.2	70
1969	12	35.7	54.6	64	70.2
1970	1	35.1	53.4	64.5	70.2
1970	2	35.2	53.1	63.9	70
1970	3	35.1	52.9	64	69.9
1970	4	34	51.9	63.8	70.1
1970	5	34.5	52.4	63.6	69.6
1970	6	33.1	50.5	63.2	69.7
1970	7	34	50.8	63.5	69.6
1970	8	33.9	50	63.4	69.5
1970	9	33.6	51.7	63.3	69.2
1970	10	33.4	50.9	63.2	69.3
1970	11	33	50.5	62.7	69.2
1970	12	32.8	50.6	62.7	69
1971	1	33.9	50.2	62.4	69.1
1971	2	34.1	50.3	61.8	69.1
1971	3	33.4	49	61.7	68.9
1971	4	33.5	50.3	62.2	68.9
1971	5	33.6	50	62	69.1
1971	6	29.6	49.8	61	69.1
1971	7	32.7	51.1	62.4	68.8
1971	8	33	51.1	62.6	68.9
1971	9	32.9	50	63	69
1971	10	32.6	50.6	63.1	69
1971	11	34.1	50.5	62.6	69.2
1971	12	33.6	51.4	63.6	69.1
1972	1	34.8	51.3	62.7	69.3
1972	2	33.6	51.6	63.3	69.4
1972	3	33.8	52.6	63.1	69.7
1972	4	34.4	52.8	63.4	69.5
1972	5	35.4	52.9	63.8	69.4
1972	6	34.8	53.6	64.1	69.4
1972	7	34.4	53.3	64	69.5
1972	8	34.7	54.4	64.6	69.6
1972	9	33.7	53.5	64.7	69.5
1972	10	34.2	54	64.8	69.4
1972	11	34.6	54.4	65.3	69.5
1972	12	35.4	54.5	65.7	69.9
1973	1	34	54.9	65.9	69.7
1973	2	35.5	55.1	66.5	70.1
1973	3	36.6	55.8	67	70.2
1973	4	36.6	55.1	66.9	70.3
1973	5	36.8	54.4	66.7	70.4
1973	6	37.3	57.4	66.8	70.5
1973	7	37.2	54.8	66.7	70.7
1973	8	37.2	54.6	66.4	70.5
1973	9	37.6	55.7	66.7	70.7
1973	10	38	56.4	67.7	70.9
1973	11	37.5	56.9	67.7	71
1973	12	37.7	56.8	67.8	70.9
1974	1	37.4	57.6	67.5	71.1
1974	2	37.6	56.8	67.9	71
1974	3	37.3	56.8	67.9	70.9
1974	4	36.8	56.4	67.8	70.7
1974	5	37.1	55.4	67.6	71
1974	6	37.4	55.7	67.1	71
1974	7	37.8	53.8	67.2	71.2
1974	8	37.1	54.9	66.8	71
1974	9	37.4	55.9	67.3	70.8
1974	10	37.5	54.9	67.4	70.7
1974	11	36.5	54.5	66.7	70.4
1974	12	35.8	53.9	66	70
1975	1	36.5	52.5	65.2	69.4
1975	2	35.4	52.5	64.3	69.1
1975	3	35.1	51.9	63.8	69
1975	4	34.8	51.9	63.5	69
1975	5	34.7	52.5	63.6	68.9
1975	6	34.3	51.2	63.7	69.1
1975	7	34.7	51.9	63.9	69.3
1975	8	34.2	51.8	64.2	69.6
1975	9	34.7	53.2	63.8	69.5
1975	10	34.7	51.7	63.6	69.8
1975	11	35.1	51.4	63.1	69.7
1975	12	34.8	51.8	64.2	69.7
1976	1	35.5	52.2	64.5	70.1
1976	2	34.9	53.1	65.2	70.1
1976	3	35.3	53	65.2	70.4
1976	4	35.9	53.5	66	70.6
1976	5	35	54.7	66.3	70.6
1976	6	34	53.4	65.8	70.7
1976	7	36.6	54	66.6	70.6
1976	8	35.8	53.3	65.8	70.8
1976	9	35.1	53.2	65.7	70.8
1976	10	34.6	54	65.7	70.8
1976	11	34.8	53.5	66.2	70.9
1976	12	35	53	66.4	70.9
1977	1	34.9	53.5	66.7	71
1977	2	36.3	54.1	66.6	71.1
1977	3	35.9	54.6	67.1	71.4
1977	4	36.7	55.2	66.8	71.6
1977	5	36.2	55.1	66.8	71.8
1977	6	36.5	56	67.7	71.9
1977	7	37	55.7	67.5	71.9
1977	8	37.7	57.1	67.4	72
1977	9	37.5	54.9	67.9	72.2
1977	10	38	56	67.8	72.2
1977	11	38.6	56.4	67.9	72.6
1977	12	38.5	57	68.3	72.8
1978	1	38.2	56.6	68.3	73
1978	2	37.6	56.4	68.1	73.2
1978	3	37.7	56.1	68.3	73.3
1978	4	38.6	57	69	73.5
1978	5	39.7	57.6	69.3	73.4
1978	6	40.1	59	70	73.6
1978	7	39.5	58.2	69.2	73.6
1978	8	41.2	59.1	70	73.4
1978	9	39.5	58.2	69.9	73.9
1978	10	39.8	58.3	70.5	74.1
1978	11	39.5	58.3	69.9	74.2
1978	12	39.5	57.8	70.2	74.2
1979	1	40	58.5	70.4	74.2
1979	2	40.5	57.8	70.9	74.4
1979	3	40.2	58.2	70.9	74.4
1979	4	39.7	57.5	70.9	74.2
1979	5	39.1	57.2	70.4	74.4
1979	6	39.7	57.8	70.5	74.4
1979	7	39.6	57.8	70.4	74.8
1979	8	37.9	56.3	70	74.7
1979	9	40.5	56.3	70.5	74.9
1979	10	39.6	56.6	70	74.9
1979	11	40.5	56.8	70.2	74.7
1979	12	40.4	57.6	69.6	75.1
1980	1	39.3	57.3	69.5	75.1
1980	2	38.3	57.2	69.5	75
1980	3	39.1	56.5	69.3	74.8
1980	4	37.3	56.3	68.5	74.5
1980	5	37.5	55.5	68.1	74.1
1980	6	37.9	54.5	67.5	74
1980	7	38.1	55.1	67.6	73.9
1980	8	35.5	54.6	67.7	73.9
1980	9	37.2	55.5	67.6	74.1
1980	10	37.1	55.3	68.1	74.1
1980	11	36.4	55.3	68	74.3
1980	12	36.5	55.5	68.1	74.3
1981	1	36.5	55	68.5	74.5
1981	2	36.5	54.6	68.2	74.6
1981	3	36.4	54.5	68.3	74.9
1981	4	36.9	55.3	68.3	75.1
1981	5	36.2	54.9	68	75.1
1981	6	33.8	52.9	67.6	74.8
1981	7	35.4	53.2	68.2	74.8
1981	8	35.7	53.6	68	74.7
1981	9	35.4	52.8	67.4	74.4
1981	10	34.8	52.7	67.7	74.5
1981	11	34.6	51.9	67	74.4
1981	12	34.1	50.9	66.7	74
1982	1	34	50.5	66.4	74
1982	2	33.9	50.3	66.2	74.1
1982	3	33.6	50.4	66.3	73.8
1982	4	33.3	50.2	66	73.7
1982	5	33.5	51.6	66.1	73.8
1982	6	31.4	49.2	65.9	73.7
1982	7	30.9	49.7	65.6	73.6
1982	8	31.7	50.8	65.5	73.6
1982	9	31.7	50.5	65.2	73.2
1982	10	32.3	50.2	64.9	73
1982	11	32	49.9	64.8	72.8
1982	12	31.3	49.8	65	72.8
1983	1	32.2	49.8	64.7	72.8
1983	2	31.3	49.5	64.9	72.6
1983	3	30.6	49.6	64.9	72.8
1983	4	30.6	49.3	65.1	73.1
1983	5	30.3	49.6	64.6	73.1
1983	6	31.3	51.8	66.3	73.5
1983	7	31.1	51.6	67	73.9
1983	8	31.9	51.9	66.5	74.2
1983	9	31.6	52.1	66.8	74.4
1983	10	31.3	51.5	66.5	74.4
1983	11	32.4	52.2	67.1	74.7
1983	12	32.8	53.1	67.1	74.9
1984	1	32	53.2	67.3	74.9
1984	2	32.2	53.2	67.9	75.2
1984	3	32.2	52.9	68.2	75.4
1984	4	32.9	53.6	68.1	75.6
1984	5	33.9	53.1	69	76
1984	6	34.3	55.5	69.8	76.1
1984	7	34	54.6	69.2	76
1984	8	32.5	52.7	67.9	76.2
1984	9	34.4	53.3	68.7	76
1984	10	34.2	53.5	69.1	76.1
1984	11	34.1	53.6	69.6	76.1
1984	12	34.4	54	69.3	76.3
1985	1	34.7	54.5	69.6	76.4
1985	2	35.5	53.9	69.2	76.5
1985	3	35.1	55.2	69.2	76.6
1985	4	34.8	55.3	69.5	76.6
1985	5	34.7	55	69.3	76.5
1985	6	33.6	52.7	69.2	76.4
1985	7	34.7	53.9	69	76.5
1985	8	34.5	52.6	69.2	76.7
1985	9	34.3	54.7	70	77
1985	10	33.7	54.1	70.2	77
1985	11	34.5	54.1	70.1	77.1
1985	12	33.6	54.3	70.6	77.1
1986	1	33.7	54.1	70.3	77.3
1986	2	34.8	54.4	70.6	76.8
1986	3	35.8	54.9	70.6	77
1986	4	36	54.1	70.1	77
1986	5	35.8	54.7	69.7	77
1986	6	36	54	70.3	77.2
1986	7	35.5	53.7	70.4	77.3
1986	8	34.9	54.2	70.4	77.5
1986	9	36.2	53.6	70.5	77.6
1986	10	36.4	54.8	70.6	77.6
1986	11	35.2	54.1	71.4	77.6
1986	12	35.8	53.2	71.1	77.8
1987	1	35.9	53.9	71.2	77.7
1987	2	36.3	54.1	71.2	77.9
1987	3	35.7	54.2	71.2	78
1987	4	35.4	55.1	71	78.2
1987	5	36.2	56	71.3	78.4
1987	6	35.8	54.4	70.6	78.4
1987	7	37.1	54.5	71.2	78.5
1987	8	38.5	55.9	71.6	78.5
1987	9	36.5	54.7	71.5	78.6
1987	10	36.6	55	71.5	78.6
1987	11	35.6	55.8	71.9	78.7
1987	12	37.7	55.8	71.5	78.8
1988	1	37.1	56.5	72.2	78.8
1988	2	37	56.3	72.3	78.9
1988	3	35.9	54.3	71.6	79.1
1988	4	36.4	55.2	71.9	79.2
1988	5	36.3	55.8	71.1	79
1988	6	38.7	58.2	71.7	79
1988	7	38	58.2	71.7	79.2
1988	8	37.9	57.6	72	79.2
1988	9	36.8	57.8	72.3	79.2
1988	10	37.2	56.1	72.1	79.4
1988	11	38.3	55.5	71.7	79.6
1988	12	37.4	56.4	71.8	79.6
1989	1	36.3	56.2	71.5	80
1989	2	36.1	56.8	72.2	79.9
1989	3	37.2	56.6	72.5	79.9
1989	4	37.6	56.7	72.2	79.8
1989	5	37.8	56.1	72	79.8
1989	6	37.6	57.3	72.5	79.8
1989	7	37.3	58.1	72.6	79.8
1989	8	39	58.6	72.5	79.9
1989	9	37.2	56.1	71.5	80
1989	10	39.2	55.8	71.1	79.9
1989	11	38.4	56.2	71.3	80.2
1989	12	37.3	56.3	70.3	80.1
1990	1	36.3	55.7	71.2	80.2
1990	2	35.2	55.7	71.6	80.2
1990	3	37.4	55.9	71.3	80.1
1990	4	36.6	55.4	70.7	79.9
1990	5	36.1	55	71.4	79.9
1990	6	35.3	55.4	71.4	79.8
1990	7	35	55	71.2	79.6
1990	8	34.4	54.3	70.8	79.5
1990	9	33.6	53.8	70.6	79.4
1990	10	33.3	53.9	70.3	79.4
1990	11	33.3	52.3	70.1	79.2
1990	12	32.9	53.5	70	79
1991	1	32.3	52.6	70.3	78.9
1991	2	33.3	52.1	69.3	78.9
1991	3	32.5	52.9	69	78.7
1991	4	32.4	52.5	68.8	79
1991	5	31.8	51.6	68.2	78.6
1991	6	32.9	50.9	67.9	78.7
1991	7	30.8	50.8	68.1	78.6
1991	8	30.9	51.1	68.1	78.5
1991	9	31.2	51.2	68.4	78.6
1991	10	32.4	50.9	67.9	78.5
1991	11	31.4	51.4	67.9	78.4
1991	12	30.5	51.3	67.4	78.3
1992	1	30.8	52.4	67.8	78.4
1992	2	30.5	51.6	68.1	78.2
1992	3	30.3	50.4	68.8	78.2
1992	4	31.3	50.2	68.4	78.4
1992	5	30.3	50.9	68.2	78.4
1992	6	30.5	49.2	68.2	78.5
1992	7	30.8	50.2	68.7	78.4
1992	8	32.2	51.3	68.5	78.4
1992	9	30.9	51.4	68.4	78.3
1992	10	30.4	52	67.8	78.2
1992	11	30.4	51.3	68.3	78.2
1992	12	31	52.1	68.4	78.2
1993	1	30.4	51.5	68.8	78.2
1993	2	31.7	51.6	68.6	78.1
1993	3	31.4	51.8	69	78.2
1993	4	31.1	51.6	68.5	78.2
1993	5	32.4	51.3	68.8	78.5
1993	6	30.6	51.6	69	78.6
1993	7	32	52	69.3	78.6
1993	8	32.5	52	69	78.8
1993	9	31.9	52.1	69	78.6
1993	10	31.8	51.6	68.9	78.7
1993	11	32	52.1	68.7	79
1993	12	32.7	51.5	68.9	79
1994	1	34.4	52.8	68	78.9
1994	2	33.5	53.1	69.4	78.9
1994	3	33.4	52.6	68.9	78.9
1994	4	33.7	53.3	69	79
1994	5	34.5	52	69.6	79.2
1994	6	34.3	53.6	69.9	78.8
1994	7	34.4	51.9	69.4	79.1
1994	8	36.1	52.5	69.9	79.2
1994	9	34.4	51.2	69.7	79.6
1994	10	35.9	51.6	70.3	79.6
1994	11	35.4	52.8	70	79.8
1994	12	35.5	53.3	70.2	79.8
1995	1	35	54.9	70.7	79.7
1995	2	34.7	54.1	70.5	80
1995	3	35	55.7	70.2	79.9
1995	4	34.5	55	70.4	79.8
1995	5	34.3	53.7	69.8	79.7
1995	6	36.8	54.2	69.8	79.5
1995	7	34.6	54	69.4	79.7
1995	8	34.8	55.3	69.3	79.6
1995	9	34.8	53.9	68.6	79.8
1995	10	34	53.8	69	79.8
1995	11	34.3	52.6	69.3	79.7
1995	12	34.1	52.9	69.2	79.7
1996	1	33.8	53.1	68.7	79.8
1996	2	33.9	53.4	68.9	79.9
1996	3	34.5	52	69.9	79.9
1996	4	34.3	53.1	69.8	79.9
1996	5	34.6	54.2	69.8	80
1996	6	35.1	53.1	69.6	80.1
1996	7	34.4	53.3	69.3	80.4
1996	8	34.1	51.5	69.8	80.5
1996	9	34.9	54.8	70.2	80.4
1996	10	35.3	53.6	70.7	80.6
1996	11	34.7	52.6	70.2	80.5
1996	12	34.2	53	70.1	80.5
1997	1	33.2	53.1	70.3	80.5
1997	2	33.9	52.9	70.5	80.4
1997	3	33.5	53.7	70.9	80.6
1997	4	34.2	53.5	70.4	80.7
1997	5	33.6	54.2	71.9	80.6
1997	6	33.9	52.1	71.2	80.9
1997	7	33.5	53	71.5	81.1
1997	8	33	53.7	70.9	81.3
1997	9	33.4	53.2	71.2	81.1
1997	10	33.9	53.1	70.9	81.1
1997	11	34.3	54.5	71.3	81
1997	12	34	54.8	71.1	81
1998	1	36	55.8	71.1	81
1998	2	35.1	55.4	71.2	81
1998	3	35.6	55	71.3	81
1998	4	35.3	54.6	71.7	81.1
1998	5	34.9	54.9	71.9	81
1998	6	34.2	56.2	71.3	81
1998	7	34.6	55.2	71	81.1
1998	8	35	55.3	71.1	81.2
1998	9	35.4	56.5	70.9	81.3
1998	10	34.2	54.9	71.8	81.1
1998	11	34.3	55	71.7	81.2
1998	12	35.9	55.2	71.5	81.3
1999	1	34.9	54.3	71.5	81.8
1999	2	35.4	55.5	71.2	81.5
1999	3	34.7	54.7	72.1	81.3
1999	4	34.9	54.5	71	81.3
1999	5	35	56.2	71.6	81.4
1999	6	33.5	54.7	71.9	81.4
1999	7	35.1	54.6	72	81.2
1999	8	34.5	54.4	72.2	81.3
1999	9	33.8	54.4	72.1	81.3
1999	10	35.1	54.5	71.6	81.5
1999	11	34.2	55.2	71.5	81.6
1999	12	34.8	55.5	72.1	81.5
2000	1	35.7	55.7	72.5	81.8
2000	2	34.6	55.8	72.2	81.8
2000	3	35.1	54.9	72.4	81.7
2000	4	35.3	57.4	72.5	81.9
2000	5	34.2	56.7	71.2	81.5
2000	6	35.6	56.2	72	81.5
2000	7	33.2	55.3	71.7	81.3
2000	8	34.7	55.6	72.4	81.1
2000	9	34.4	55.1	72.9	81.1
2000	10	33.5	56.1	72.9	81.1
2000	11	34.3	55.7	72.1	81.3
2000	12	35	55.7	72.3	81.4
2001	1	32.6	56.4	72.7	81.4
2001	2	33	55.5	72.3	81.3
2001	3	32.9	55	72.3	81.3
2001	4	32.4	54.2	71.3	80.9
2001	5	33.3	51.2	70.4	80.8
2001	6	32.7	53.3	69.9	80.6
2001	7	32.2	53.3	70.4	80.5
2001	8	30.3	50.2	69.8	80.2
2001	9	31.8	51.7	70.8	80.2
2001	10	31.6	51.2	69.7	79.9
2001	11	30.7	51.9	69.8	79.7
2001	12	29.8	50.5	69.4	79.8
2002	1	27.9	51.3	68.5	79.6
2002	2	28.9	51.6	69.3	79.8
2002	3	30.1	51.4	69.1	79.6
2002	4	28.4	51.2	68.8	79.5
2002	5	27.8	51	70	79.4
2002	6	29.1	50.9	69.3	79.2
2002	7	29.2	50.4	69	79.1
2002	8	28.8	49.8	69.6	79.3
2002	9	29.6	51	69	79.4
2002	10	29.5	50.6	68.1	79.2
2002	11	27.8	50	68.6	78.8
2002	12	28.1	49.1	68.5	79
2003	1	27.9	49.3	68.7	78.9
2003	2	27.4	49.7	68.5	78.9
2003	3	27.1	47.6	68.3	79
2003	4	27.1	47.8	67.9	79.1
2003	5	27.4	47.4	67.8	78.9
2003	6	27.3	47.1	68.1	78.9
2003	7	27	46.9	67.5	78.8
2003	8	27.7	46.7	67.5	78.7
2003	9	26.5	47.4	67.6	78.6
2003	10	25.8	48.1	67.6	78.6
2003	11	26.9	49	67.1	78.7
2003	12	26.1	47.8	67.4	78.8
2004	1	27	48.2	67.9	78.9
2004	2	26.4	48.4	67.8	78.8
2004	3	25.2	47.7	67.6	78.7
2004	4	25.4	49.1	68.4	78.9
2004	5	24.9	49.1	67.6	79
2004	6	24.6	48.4	67.8	79.1
2004	7	25.9	47.5	68.1	79.2
2004	8	25.9	47.7	68.2	79
2004	9	25.6	47.8	67.3	79
2004	10	25.5	48.8	68.3	79
2004	11	25.4	50.6	68.1	79.1
2004	12	25.5	49.1	68.3	78.9
2005	1	26	48.7	67.7	79.2
2005	2	26.1	47.5	67	79.2
2005	3	27	47.6	67.5	79.2
2005	4	25.6	47.8	67.6	79.4
2005	5	26	47.2	67.9	79.5
2005	6	26.8	47.1	68.3	79.2
2005	7	26.5	47.5	68.4	79.4
2005	8	26.8	48.3	67.8	79.6
2005	9	25.7	49.6	68.1	79.4
2005	10	25.4	49.3	68.9	79.3
2005	11	24.9	50.7	68.7	79.2
2005	12	25.6	50.5	68.1	79.3
2006	1	25.9	50.2	67.8	79.6
2006	2	26.5	50.9	68.2	79.7
2006	3	26.1	50.5	68.2	79.8
2006	4	26.8	48.7	68.1	79.6
2006	5	27.6	48.6	68.6	79.7
2006	6	28.2	47.9	68.3	79.8
2006	7	27.4	47.3	68	79.8
2006	8	26.6	47.8	69.3	79.8
2006	9	26	48.1	68.6	79.9
2006	10	27	49.5	68.5	80.1
2006	11	27	49.5	68.6	80
2006	12	27.1	49.3	69.7	80.1
2007	1	26.3	49.1	69.3	80.3
2007	2	25.2	48.9	69.4	80.1
2007	3	25.2	47.7	69.6	80.3
2007	4	25.1	46.2	68.5	80
2007	5	24.4	45.7	68.4	80
2007	6	25.5	46.4	68.3	79.9
2007	7	25	45.8	67.9	79.8
2007	8	24.2	43.7	67.6	79.8
2007	9	24	47.2	68.1	79.7
2007	10	25	47.1	67.7	79.6
2007	11	24	47.4	68.4	79.7
2007	12	24.1	46.4	67.2	79.7
2008	1	23.2	46.6	68	80
2008	2	23.1	45.4	67	79.9
2008	3	23.1	45.9	67	79.8
2008	4	22.6	47.5	67.6	79.6
2008	5	22.6	46.3	67.3	79.5
2008	6	21.8	45.1	67.2	79.3
2008	7	21.8	43.4	67	79.2
2008	8	21.6	44.6	66.6	78.9
2008	9	21.6	45	66.3	78.8
2008	10	21.2	44.6	66.3	78.4
2008	11	19.6	44.2	65.6	78.1
2008	12	19.8	43.2	65.4	77.5
2009	1	19.5	42.7	64.1	77
2009	2	20.8	41.1	64.3	76.7
2009	3	19.6	40.5	64	76.3
2009	4	19.1	40.9	63.9	76.2
2009	5	19.8	39.9	62.5	75.9
2009	6	19.2	39.8	62.1	75.9
2009	7	19.3	38.4	62	75.8
2009	8	19	37.4	61.6	75.6
2009	9	17.5	38.2	61	75.1
2009	10	15.9	37.8	60.3	75
2009	11	15.7	38.2	60.3	75.1
2009	12	16.2	37.5	60.2	74.7
2010	1	16.6	36.4	59.7	75.2
2010	2	16.3	37.6	60.1	75.1
2010	3	15.8	37.9	60.1	75.2
2010	4	16.4	37.7	59.8	75.4
2010	5	15.9	37.3	61	75.2
2010	6	15.5	35.9	60.4	75.2
2010	7	15.6	36.1	60.2	75.1
2010	8	15.9	37.3	60.9	75
2010	9	15.3	37.2	60.8	75
2010	10	15.6	37.9	60.5	75
2010	11	15.8	38.4	60.4	74.7
2010	12	15.9	36.9	60.1	74.9
2011	1	15.7	37	60.7	75.2
2011	2	14.8	37.7	60.7	75.2
2011	3	15.1	37.2	60.9	75.4
2011	4	14.3	37	60.7	75.2
2011	5	14.6	36.1	60.6	75.3
2011	6	15.8	36	60.3	75

Note: Data are seasonally adjusted monthly employment-population rates as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Shaded regions indicate recessions as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Return to Figure 1

Figure 2: Ratio of youth to adult employment-population rates

year	month	ratio (all 16-17 to all adult)	ratio (all 16-17 to male adult 25-54)	ratio (all 16-17 to female adult 25-54)
1950	1	0.54	0.36	0.98
1950	2	0.55	0.37	0.99
1950	3	0.51	0.35	0.93
1950	4	0.55	0.38	0.99
1950	5	0.50	0.34	0.91
1950	6	0.55	0.37	0.97
1950	7	0.55	0.37	0.99
1950	8	0.57	0.39	1.01
1950	9	0.58	0.39	1.04
1950	10	0.61	0.41	1.08
1950	11	0.59	0.40	1.06
1950	12	0.59	0.40	1.05
1951	1	0.60	0.40	1.06
1951	2	0.60	0.40	1.07
1951	3	0.61	0.41	1.09
1951	4	0.57	0.39	1.02
1951	5	0.61	0.42	1.08
1951	6	0.58	0.39	1.05
1951	7	0.59	0.40	1.02
1951	8	0.61	0.42	1.06
1951	9	0.62	0.42	1.08
1951	10	0.60	0.41	1.05
1951	11	0.57	0.39	0.99
1951	12	0.60	0.41	1.04
1952	1	0.57	0.39	0.99
1952	2	0.59	0.41	1.03
1952	3	0.58	0.39	1.01
1952	4	0.58	0.40	1.03
1952	5	0.59	0.41	1.04
1952	6	0.61	0.42	1.07
1952	7	0.59	0.40	1.04
1952	8	0.59	0.40	1.04
1952	9	0.60	0.41	1.04
1952	10	0.58	0.40	1.02
1952	11	0.60	0.41	1.04
1952	12	0.58	0.40	1.02
1953	1	0.60	0.41	1.03
1953	2	0.61	0.42	1.07
1953	3	0.63	0.43	1.09
1953	4	0.60	0.41	1.05
1953	5	0.57	0.39	1.02
1953	6	0.59	0.40	1.03
1953	7	0.56	0.38	0.99
1953	8	0.57	0.39	1.01
1953	9	0.55	0.37	0.96
1953	10	0.50	0.34	0.87
1953	11	0.55	0.38	0.95
1953	12	0.54	0.37	0.94
1954	1	0.57	0.39	1.01
1954	2	0.56	0.38	0.96
1954	3	0.54	0.38	0.94
1954	4	0.54	0.37	0.94
1954	5	0.52	0.36	0.91
1954	6	0.51	0.35	0.89
1954	7	0.51	0.35	0.90
1954	8	0.50	0.34	0.89
1954	9	0.50	0.34	0.87
1954	10	0.51	0.35	0.90
1954	11	0.49	0.34	0.86
1954	12	0.44	0.30	0.78
1955	1	0.50	0.34	0.87
1955	2	0.48	0.33	0.83
1955	3	0.49	0.34	0.85
1955	4	0.50	0.35	0.87
1955	5	0.50	0.35	0.87
1955	6	0.50	0.34	0.86
1955	7	0.51	0.35	0.87
1955	8	0.53	0.37	0.89
1955	9	0.53	0.37	0.90
1955	10	0.54	0.37	0.91
1955	11	0.56	0.39	0.96
1955	12	0.56	0.39	0.95
1956	1	0.54	0.38	0.91
1956	2	0.52	0.36	0.89
1956	3	0.53	0.37	0.91
1956	4	0.56	0.39	0.95
1956	5	0.57	0.40	0.96
1956	6	0.57	0.40	0.95
1956	7	0.58	0.40	0.96
1956	8	0.56	0.39	0.94
1956	9	0.57	0.40	0.95
1956	10	0.55	0.39	0.92
1956	11	0.54	0.38	0.91
1956	12	0.56	0.39	0.94
1957	1	0.54	0.38	0.91
1957	2	0.55	0.38	0.91
1957	3	0.55	0.38	0.91
1957	4	0.54	0.38	0.90
1957	5	0.54	0.38	0.90
1957	6	0.54	0.38	0.90
1957	7	0.54	0.38	0.89
1957	8	0.52	0.36	0.86
1957	9	0.52	0.36	0.85
1957	10	0.53	0.37	0.87
1957	11	0.53	0.37	0.86
1957	12	0.51	0.36	0.84
1958	1	0.50	0.35	0.81
1958	2	0.51	0.36	0.84
1958	3	0.49	0.34	0.80
1958	4	0.48	0.34	0.79
1958	5	0.50	0.35	0.81
1958	6	0.48	0.34	0.79
1958	7	0.47	0.33	0.76
1958	8	0.48	0.34	0.78
1958	9	0.46	0.33	0.76
1958	10	0.49	0.35	0.81
1958	11	0.47	0.33	0.77
1958	12	0.48	0.34	0.78
1959	1	0.49	0.35	0.80
1959	2	0.48	0.34	0.79
1959	3	0.46	0.33	0.76
1959	4	0.48	0.34	0.79
1959	5	0.47	0.33	0.77
1959	6	0.48	0.34	0.78
1959	7	0.48	0.34	0.79
1959	8	0.47	0.33	0.77
1959	9	0.47	0.33	0.77
1959	10	0.47	0.33	0.76
1959	11	0.47	0.33	0.76
1959	12	0.48	0.34	0.79
1960	1	0.47	0.33	0.77
1960	2	0.49	0.35	0.81
1960	3	0.46	0.32	0.75
1960	4	0.49	0.35	0.79
1960	5	0.48	0.34	0.78
1960	6	0.50	0.36	0.81
1960	7	0.48	0.34	0.78
1960	8	0.48	0.34	0.76
1960	9	0.49	0.35	0.78
1960	10	0.48	0.34	0.77
1960	11	0.49	0.35	0.79
1960	12	0.45	0.32	0.73
1961	1	0.47	0.33	0.75
1961	2	0.46	0.33	0.74
1961	3	0.48	0.34	0.77
1961	4	0.45	0.32	0.72
1961	5	0.45	0.32	0.71
1961	6	0.47	0.33	0.75
1961	7	0.46	0.32	0.73
1961	8	0.46	0.33	0.74
1961	9	0.44	0.31	0.72
1961	10	0.43	0.31	0.70
1961	11	0.44	0.31	0.72
1961	12	0.45	0.32	0.72
1962	1	0.43	0.31	0.70
1962	2	0.44	0.31	0.70
1962	3	0.45	0.32	0.73
1962	4	0.44	0.31	0.70
1962	5	0.45	0.32	0.73
1962	6	0.45	0.32	0.72
1962	7	0.45	0.32	0.72
1962	8	0.43	0.31	0.69
1962	9	0.45	0.32	0.72
1962	10	0.44	0.31	0.71
1962	11	0.43	0.31	0.69
1962	12	0.43	0.31	0.70
1963	1	0.44	0.31	0.70
1963	2	0.42	0.30	0.66
1963	3	0.41	0.29	0.65
1963	4	0.42	0.30	0.66
1963	5	0.42	0.30	0.66
1963	6	0.41	0.29	0.65
1963	7	0.41	0.29	0.66
1963	8	0.42	0.30	0.68
1963	9	0.42	0.30	0.67
1963	10	0.43	0.31	0.68
1963	11	0.41	0.29	0.65
1963	12	0.41	0.29	0.65
1964	1	0.43	0.31	0.68
1964	2	0.44	0.31	0.70
1964	3	0.43	0.31	0.69
1964	4	0.42	0.30	0.66
1964	5	0.44	0.31	0.69
1964	6	0.43	0.31	0.68
1964	7	0.43	0.31	0.68
1964	8	0.42	0.30	0.67
1964	9	0.45	0.32	0.72
1964	10	0.42	0.30	0.66
1964	11	0.42	0.30	0.67
1964	12	0.41	0.30	0.65
1965	1	0.39	0.28	0.61
1965	2	0.41	0.29	0.65
1965	3	0.42	0.30	0.67
1965	4	0.43	0.31	0.68
1965	5	0.44	0.32	0.69
1965	6	0.43	0.31	0.67
1965	7	0.45	0.32	0.70
1965	8	0.45	0.32	0.69
1965	9	0.46	0.33	0.72
1965	10	0.47	0.34	0.74
1965	11	0.47	0.33	0.73
1965	12	0.47	0.34	0.73
1966	1	0.48	0.34	0.74
1966	2	0.47	0.34	0.73
1966	3	0.46	0.33	0.71
1966	4	0.47	0.34	0.72
1966	5	0.46	0.33	0.71
1966	6	0.48	0.35	0.74
1966	7	0.49	0.35	0.75
1966	8	0.49	0.36	0.75
1966	9	0.48	0.35	0.72
1966	10	0.48	0.35	0.73
1966	11	0.49	0.36	0.75
1966	12	0.50	0.37	0.77
1967	1	0.49	0.35	0.75
1967	2	0.48	0.35	0.73
1967	3	0.49	0.35	0.74
1967	4	0.47	0.34	0.72
1967	5	0.47	0.34	0.72
1967	6	0.49	0.36	0.75
1967	7	0.49	0.36	0.74
1967	8	0.49	0.36	0.74
1967	9	0.48	0.35	0.73
1967	10	0.49	0.36	0.73
1967	11	0.48	0.35	0.72
1967	12	0.48	0.35	0.72
1968	1	0.46	0.34	0.70
1968	2	0.48	0.35	0.72
1968	3	0.47	0.34	0.70
1968	4	0.47	0.35	0.71
1968	5	0.48	0.36	0.72
1968	6	0.49	0.36	0.74
1968	7	0.49	0.36	0.74
1968	8	0.49	0.36	0.74
1968	9	0.48	0.35	0.72
1968	10	0.48	0.35	0.72
1968	11	0.47	0.35	0.71
1968	12	0.47	0.35	0.71
1969	1	0.48	0.35	0.72
1969	2	0.48	0.35	0.71
1969	3	0.49	0.36	0.73
1969	4	0.50	0.37	0.74
1969	5	0.48	0.36	0.71
1969	6	0.50	0.37	0.74
1969	7	0.49	0.37	0.73
1969	8	0.49	0.36	0.71
1969	9	0.50	0.38	0.74
1969	10	0.51	0.38	0.75
1969	11	0.52	0.38	0.76
1969	12	0.51	0.38	0.74
1970	1	0.50	0.37	0.73
1970	2	0.50	0.38	0.73
1970	3	0.50	0.37	0.73
1970	4	0.49	0.36	0.70
1970	5	0.50	0.37	0.72
1970	6	0.47	0.36	0.69
1970	7	0.49	0.37	0.71
1970	8	0.49	0.36	0.71
1970	9	0.49	0.36	0.71
1970	10	0.48	0.36	0.70
1970	11	0.48	0.36	0.69
1970	12	0.48	0.36	0.69
1971	1	0.49	0.37	0.71
1971	2	0.49	0.37	0.71
1971	3	0.48	0.36	0.70
1971	4	0.49	0.36	0.71
1971	5	0.49	0.36	0.71
1971	6	0.43	0.32	0.62
1971	7	0.48	0.35	0.69
1971	8	0.48	0.36	0.69
1971	9	0.48	0.36	0.69
1971	10	0.47	0.35	0.68
1971	11	0.49	0.37	0.71
1971	12	0.49	0.37	0.70
1972	1	0.50	0.38	0.72
1972	2	0.48	0.37	0.69
1972	3	0.48	0.37	0.69
1972	4	0.49	0.37	0.71
1972	5	0.51	0.38	0.73
1972	6	0.50	0.38	0.72
1972	7	0.49	0.37	0.71
1972	8	0.50	0.38	0.71
1972	9	0.48	0.37	0.69
1972	10	0.49	0.37	0.71
1972	11	0.50	0.38	0.71
1972	12	0.51	0.38	0.72
1973	1	0.49	0.37	0.70
1973	2	0.51	0.38	0.72
1973	3	0.52	0.40	0.74
1973	4	0.52	0.40	0.73
1973	5	0.52	0.40	0.74
1973	6	0.53	0.40	0.74
1973	7	0.53	0.40	0.74
1973	8	0.53	0.40	0.74
1973	9	0.53	0.41	0.75
1973	10	0.54	0.41	0.75
1973	11	0.53	0.40	0.74
1973	12	0.53	0.41	0.74
1974	1	0.53	0.40	0.74
1974	2	0.53	0.41	0.74
1974	3	0.53	0.40	0.73
1974	4	0.52	0.40	0.72
1974	5	0.52	0.40	0.72
1974	6	0.53	0.41	0.73
1974	7	0.53	0.41	0.73
1974	8	0.52	0.40	0.72
1974	9	0.53	0.41	0.73
1974	10	0.53	0.41	0.73
1974	11	0.52	0.40	0.72
1974	12	0.51	0.40	0.70
1975	1	0.53	0.41	0.72
1975	2	0.51	0.40	0.70
1975	3	0.51	0.39	0.70
1975	4	0.50	0.39	0.69
1975	5	0.50	0.39	0.69
1975	6	0.50	0.39	0.68
1975	7	0.50	0.39	0.68
1975	8	0.49	0.38	0.67
1975	9	0.50	0.39	0.68
1975	10	0.50	0.39	0.67
1975	11	0.50	0.39	0.68
1975	12	0.50	0.39	0.67
1976	1	0.51	0.40	0.68
1976	2	0.50	0.39	0.67
1976	3	0.50	0.39	0.67
1976	4	0.51	0.40	0.68
1976	5	0.50	0.39	0.66
1976	6	0.48	0.38	0.64
1976	7	0.52	0.41	0.69
1976	8	0.51	0.40	0.67
1976	9	0.50	0.39	0.66
1976	10	0.49	0.39	0.65
1976	11	0.49	0.39	0.65
1976	12	0.49	0.39	0.65
1977	1	0.49	0.39	0.65
1977	2	0.51	0.41	0.67
1977	3	0.50	0.40	0.66
1977	4	0.51	0.41	0.67
1977	5	0.50	0.40	0.66
1977	6	0.51	0.40	0.67
1977	7	0.51	0.41	0.67
1977	8	0.52	0.42	0.69
1977	9	0.52	0.41	0.68
1977	10	0.53	0.42	0.69
1977	11	0.53	0.43	0.69
1977	12	0.53	0.42	0.69
1978	1	0.52	0.42	0.68
1978	2	0.51	0.41	0.67
1978	3	0.51	0.41	0.66
1978	4	0.53	0.42	0.68
1978	5	0.54	0.44	0.70
1978	6	0.54	0.44	0.70
1978	7	0.54	0.43	0.69
1978	8	0.56	0.45	0.72
1978	9	0.53	0.43	0.68
1978	10	0.54	0.44	0.68
1978	11	0.53	0.43	0.68
1978	12	0.53	0.43	0.68
1979	1	0.54	0.44	0.69
1979	2	0.54	0.44	0.69
1979	3	0.54	0.44	0.69
1979	4	0.54	0.44	0.68
1979	5	0.53	0.43	0.67
1979	6	0.53	0.43	0.68
1979	7	0.53	0.43	0.67
1979	8	0.51	0.42	0.64
1979	9	0.54	0.44	0.68
1979	10	0.53	0.44	0.66
1979	11	0.54	0.45	0.68
1979	12	0.54	0.44	0.67
1980	1	0.52	0.43	0.65
1980	2	0.51	0.42	0.64
1980	3	0.52	0.43	0.65
1980	4	0.50	0.42	0.62
1980	5	0.51	0.42	0.63
1980	6	0.51	0.43	0.63
1980	7	0.52	0.43	0.64
1980	8	0.48	0.40	0.59
1980	9	0.50	0.42	0.62
1980	10	0.50	0.42	0.62
1980	11	0.49	0.41	0.60
1980	12	0.49	0.41	0.60
1981	1	0.49	0.41	0.60
1981	2	0.49	0.41	0.60
1981	3	0.49	0.41	0.59
1981	4	0.49	0.41	0.60
1981	5	0.48	0.40	0.59
1981	6	0.45	0.38	0.55
1981	7	0.47	0.40	0.58
1981	8	0.48	0.40	0.58
1981	9	0.48	0.40	0.58
1981	10	0.47	0.39	0.57
1981	11	0.47	0.39	0.56
1981	12	0.46	0.39	0.56
1982	1	0.46	0.39	0.55
1982	2	0.46	0.39	0.55
1982	3	0.46	0.39	0.55
1982	4	0.45	0.38	0.55
1982	5	0.45	0.38	0.55
1982	6	0.43	0.36	0.51
1982	7	0.42	0.36	0.50
1982	8	0.43	0.37	0.52
1982	9	0.43	0.37	0.52
1982	10	0.44	0.38	0.53
1982	11	0.44	0.37	0.53
1982	12	0.43	0.37	0.51
1983	1	0.44	0.38	0.53
1983	2	0.43	0.37	0.51
1983	3	0.42	0.36	0.50
1983	4	0.42	0.36	0.50
1983	5	0.41	0.35	0.49
1983	6	0.43	0.36	0.51
1983	7	0.42	0.36	0.50
1983	8	0.43	0.37	0.51
1983	9	0.42	0.36	0.50
1983	10	0.42	0.36	0.50
1983	11	0.43	0.37	0.51
1983	12	0.44	0.37	0.52
1984	1	0.43	0.37	0.51
1984	2	0.43	0.37	0.51
1984	3	0.43	0.37	0.51
1984	4	0.44	0.37	0.52
1984	5	0.45	0.38	0.53
1984	6	0.45	0.39	0.53
1984	7	0.45	0.38	0.53
1984	8	0.43	0.37	0.51
1984	9	0.45	0.39	0.54
1984	10	0.45	0.39	0.53
1984	11	0.45	0.38	0.53
1984	12	0.45	0.39	0.53
1985	1	0.45	0.39	0.54
1985	2	0.46	0.40	0.55
1985	3	0.46	0.40	0.54
1985	4	0.45	0.39	0.53
1985	5	0.45	0.39	0.54
1985	6	0.44	0.38	0.52
1985	7	0.45	0.39	0.53
1985	8	0.45	0.39	0.53
1985	9	0.45	0.39	0.52
1985	10	0.44	0.38	0.51
1985	11	0.45	0.39	0.52
1985	12	0.44	0.38	0.51
1986	1	0.44	0.38	0.51
1986	2	0.45	0.39	0.53
1986	3	0.46	0.40	0.54
1986	4	0.47	0.41	0.54
1986	5	0.46	0.41	0.54
1986	6	0.47	0.41	0.54
1986	7	0.46	0.40	0.53
1986	8	0.45	0.39	0.52
1986	9	0.47	0.41	0.54
1986	10	0.47	0.41	0.54
1986	11	0.45	0.40	0.52
1986	12	0.46	0.40	0.53
1987	1	0.46	0.40	0.53
1987	2	0.47	0.41	0.54
1987	3	0.46	0.40	0.53
1987	4	0.45	0.40	0.52
1987	5	0.46	0.41	0.53
1987	6	0.46	0.40	0.52
1987	7	0.47	0.42	0.54
1987	8	0.49	0.43	0.56
1987	9	0.46	0.41	0.53
1987	10	0.47	0.41	0.53
1987	11	0.45	0.40	0.52
1987	12	0.48	0.42	0.55
1988	1	0.47	0.41	0.54
1988	2	0.47	0.41	0.54
1988	3	0.45	0.40	0.52
1988	4	0.46	0.41	0.53
1988	5	0.46	0.41	0.53
1988	6	0.49	0.43	0.56
1988	7	0.48	0.42	0.55
1988	8	0.48	0.42	0.55
1988	9	0.46	0.41	0.53
1988	10	0.47	0.42	0.53
1988	11	0.48	0.43	0.55
1988	12	0.47	0.42	0.53
1989	1	0.45	0.40	0.51
1989	2	0.45	0.40	0.51
1989	3	0.47	0.41	0.53
1989	4	0.47	0.42	0.53
1989	5	0.47	0.42	0.54
1989	6	0.47	0.42	0.54
1989	7	0.47	0.41	0.53
1989	8	0.49	0.43	0.56
1989	9	0.47	0.41	0.53
1989	10	0.49	0.44	0.56
1989	11	0.48	0.43	0.54
1989	12	0.47	0.41	0.53
1990	1	0.45	0.40	0.51
1990	2	0.44	0.39	0.50
1990	3	0.47	0.42	0.53
1990	4	0.46	0.41	0.52
1990	5	0.45	0.40	0.51
1990	6	0.44	0.40	0.50
1990	7	0.44	0.39	0.50
1990	8	0.43	0.39	0.49
1990	9	0.42	0.38	0.48
1990	10	0.42	0.38	0.47
1990	11	0.42	0.38	0.47
1990	12	0.42	0.37	0.47
1991	1	0.41	0.37	0.46
1991	2	0.42	0.38	0.48
1991	3	0.41	0.37	0.46
1991	4	0.41	0.37	0.46
1991	5	0.40	0.36	0.45
1991	6	0.42	0.38	0.47
1991	7	0.39	0.35	0.44
1991	8	0.39	0.35	0.44
1991	9	0.40	0.36	0.45
1991	10	0.41	0.37	0.46
1991	11	0.40	0.36	0.45
1991	12	0.39	0.35	0.44
1992	1	0.39	0.35	0.44
1992	2	0.39	0.35	0.44
1992	3	0.39	0.35	0.43
1992	4	0.40	0.36	0.45
1992	5	0.39	0.35	0.43
1992	6	0.39	0.35	0.43
1992	7	0.39	0.35	0.44
1992	8	0.41	0.37	0.46
1992	9	0.39	0.36	0.44
1992	10	0.39	0.35	0.43
1992	11	0.39	0.35	0.43
1992	12	0.40	0.36	0.44
1993	1	0.39	0.35	0.43
1993	2	0.41	0.37	0.45
1993	3	0.40	0.36	0.45
1993	4	0.40	0.36	0.44
1993	5	0.41	0.37	0.46
1993	6	0.39	0.35	0.43
1993	7	0.41	0.37	0.45
1993	8	0.41	0.37	0.46
1993	9	0.41	0.37	0.45
1993	10	0.40	0.37	0.45
1993	11	0.41	0.37	0.45
1993	12	0.41	0.37	0.46
1994	1	0.44	0.39	0.48
1994	2	0.42	0.39	0.47
1994	3	0.42	0.38	0.47
1994	4	0.43	0.39	0.47
1994	5	0.44	0.40	0.48
1994	6	0.44	0.39	0.48
1994	7	0.43	0.40	0.48
1994	8	0.46	0.41	0.50
1994	9	0.43	0.39	0.48
1994	10	0.45	0.41	0.50
1994	11	0.44	0.40	0.49
1994	12	0.44	0.40	0.49
1995	1	0.44	0.40	0.49
1995	2	0.43	0.39	0.48
1995	3	0.44	0.40	0.49
1995	4	0.43	0.39	0.48
1995	5	0.43	0.39	0.48
1995	6	0.46	0.42	0.51
1995	7	0.43	0.40	0.48
1995	8	0.44	0.40	0.48
1995	9	0.44	0.40	0.48
1995	10	0.43	0.39	0.47
1995	11	0.43	0.39	0.47
1995	12	0.43	0.39	0.47
1996	1	0.42	0.39	0.47
1996	2	0.42	0.39	0.47
1996	3	0.43	0.39	0.48
1996	4	0.43	0.39	0.47
1996	5	0.43	0.39	0.48
1996	6	0.44	0.40	0.48
1996	7	0.43	0.39	0.47
1996	8	0.42	0.39	0.47
1996	9	0.43	0.40	0.48
1996	10	0.44	0.40	0.48
1996	11	0.43	0.39	0.48
1996	12	0.42	0.39	0.47
1997	1	0.41	0.38	0.45
1997	2	0.42	0.38	0.47
1997	3	0.42	0.38	0.46
1997	4	0.42	0.39	0.47
1997	5	0.42	0.38	0.46
1997	6	0.42	0.38	0.46
1997	7	0.41	0.38	0.45
1997	8	0.41	0.37	0.45
1997	9	0.41	0.38	0.45
1997	10	0.42	0.38	0.46
1997	11	0.42	0.39	0.47
1997	12	0.42	0.38	0.46
1998	1	0.44	0.41	0.49
1998	2	0.43	0.39	0.48
1998	3	0.44	0.40	0.48
1998	4	0.44	0.40	0.48
1998	5	0.43	0.39	0.48
1998	6	0.42	0.39	0.46
1998	7	0.43	0.39	0.47
1998	8	0.43	0.39	0.47
1998	9	0.44	0.40	0.48
1998	10	0.42	0.39	0.46
1998	11	0.42	0.38	0.47
1998	12	0.44	0.40	0.49
1999	1	0.43	0.39	0.47
1999	2	0.43	0.40	0.48
1999	3	0.43	0.39	0.47
1999	4	0.43	0.39	0.47
1999	5	0.43	0.39	0.47
1999	6	0.41	0.38	0.45
1999	7	0.43	0.40	0.48
1999	8	0.42	0.39	0.47
1999	9	0.42	0.38	0.45
1999	10	0.43	0.40	0.47
1999	11	0.42	0.38	0.46
1999	12	0.43	0.39	0.47
2000	1	0.44	0.40	0.48
2000	2	0.42	0.39	0.46
2000	3	0.43	0.39	0.47
2000	4	0.43	0.40	0.47
2000	5	0.42	0.38	0.46
2000	6	0.44	0.40	0.48
2000	7	0.41	0.37	0.45
2000	8	0.43	0.39	0.47
2000	9	0.42	0.39	0.47
2000	10	0.41	0.38	0.45
2000	11	0.42	0.39	0.46
2000	12	0.43	0.39	0.47
2001	1	0.40	0.37	0.44
2001	2	0.41	0.37	0.44
2001	3	0.40	0.37	0.44
2001	4	0.40	0.37	0.44
2001	5	0.41	0.38	0.45
2001	6	0.41	0.37	0.45
2001	7	0.40	0.37	0.44
2001	8	0.38	0.35	0.41
2001	9	0.40	0.36	0.44
2001	10	0.40	0.36	0.43
2001	11	0.39	0.35	0.42
2001	12	0.37	0.34	0.41
2002	1	0.35	0.32	0.38
2002	2	0.36	0.33	0.40
2002	3	0.38	0.35	0.42
2002	4	0.36	0.33	0.39
2002	5	0.35	0.32	0.39
2002	6	0.37	0.34	0.40
2002	7	0.37	0.34	0.41
2002	8	0.36	0.33	0.40
2002	9	0.37	0.34	0.41
2002	10	0.37	0.34	0.41
2002	11	0.35	0.32	0.39
2002	12	0.36	0.33	0.39
2003	1	0.35	0.33	0.39
2003	2	0.35	0.32	0.38
2003	3	0.34	0.32	0.37
2003	4	0.34	0.32	0.37
2003	5	0.35	0.32	0.38
2003	6	0.35	0.32	0.38
2003	7	0.34	0.31	0.38
2003	8	0.35	0.32	0.38
2003	9	0.34	0.31	0.37
2003	10	0.33	0.30	0.36
2003	11	0.34	0.31	0.38
2003	12	0.33	0.30	0.37
2004	1	0.34	0.31	0.38
2004	2	0.34	0.31	0.37
2004	3	0.32	0.29	0.35
2004	4	0.32	0.29	0.35
2004	5	0.32	0.29	0.35
2004	6	0.31	0.28	0.34
2004	7	0.33	0.30	0.36
2004	8	0.33	0.30	0.36
2004	9	0.32	0.30	0.36
2004	10	0.32	0.30	0.35
2004	11	0.32	0.29	0.35
2004	12	0.32	0.30	0.36
2005	1	0.33	0.30	0.36
2005	2	0.33	0.30	0.36
2005	3	0.34	0.31	0.38
2005	4	0.32	0.29	0.36
2005	5	0.33	0.30	0.36
2005	6	0.34	0.31	0.37
2005	7	0.33	0.30	0.37
2005	8	0.34	0.31	0.37
2005	9	0.32	0.30	0.36
2005	10	0.32	0.29	0.35
2005	11	0.31	0.29	0.35
2005	12	0.32	0.30	0.36
2006	1	0.33	0.30	0.36
2006	2	0.33	0.30	0.37
2006	3	0.33	0.30	0.36
2006	4	0.34	0.31	0.37
2006	5	0.35	0.32	0.38
2006	6	0.35	0.32	0.39
2006	7	0.34	0.31	0.38
2006	8	0.33	0.31	0.37
2006	9	0.33	0.30	0.36
2006	10	0.34	0.31	0.37
2006	11	0.34	0.31	0.37
2006	12	0.34	0.31	0.37
2007	1	0.33	0.30	0.36
2007	2	0.31	0.29	0.35
2007	3	0.31	0.29	0.35
2007	4	0.31	0.29	0.35
2007	5	0.31	0.28	0.34
2007	6	0.32	0.29	0.35
2007	7	0.31	0.29	0.35
2007	8	0.30	0.28	0.33
2007	9	0.30	0.28	0.33
2007	10	0.31	0.29	0.35
2007	11	0.30	0.28	0.33
2007	12	0.30	0.28	0.33
2008	1	0.29	0.27	0.32
2008	2	0.29	0.26	0.32
2008	3	0.29	0.27	0.32
2008	4	0.28	0.26	0.31
2008	5	0.28	0.26	0.31
2008	6	0.27	0.25	0.30
2008	7	0.28	0.25	0.30
2008	8	0.27	0.25	0.30
2008	9	0.27	0.25	0.30
2008	10	0.27	0.25	0.29
2008	11	0.25	0.23	0.27
2008	12	0.26	0.24	0.28
2009	1	0.25	0.23	0.27
2009	2	0.27	0.25	0.29
2009	3	0.26	0.24	0.28
2009	4	0.25	0.23	0.27
2009	5	0.26	0.24	0.28
2009	6	0.25	0.24	0.27
2009	7	0.25	0.24	0.27
2009	8	0.25	0.23	0.27
2009	9	0.23	0.22	0.25
2009	10	0.21	0.20	0.23
2009	11	0.21	0.19	0.22
2009	12	0.22	0.20	0.23
2010	1	0.22	0.21	0.24
2010	2	0.22	0.20	0.23
2010	3	0.21	0.20	0.23
2010	4	0.22	0.20	0.24
2010	5	0.21	0.20	0.23
2010	6	0.21	0.19	0.22
2010	7	0.21	0.19	0.23
2010	8	0.21	0.20	0.23
2010	9	0.20	0.19	0.22
2010	10	0.21	0.19	0.23
2010	11	0.21	0.20	0.23
2010	12	0.21	0.20	0.23
2011	1	0.21	0.19	0.23
2011	2	0.20	0.18	0.21
2011	3	0.20	0.19	0.22
2011	4	0.19	0.18	0.21
2011	5	0.19	0.18	0.21
2011	6	0.21	0.19	0.23

See notes to figure 1. The figure plots the ratio of employment-to-population rates for 16-17 year olds (of both sexes) to employment-to-population rates for 25-54 year olds of both sexes and separately for 25-54 males and females.

Return to Figure 2

Figure 3: Labor force participation and unemployment rate (16-17)

year	month	labor force participation rate	unemployment rate
1950	1	40.2	17.4
1950	2	39.7	15.4
1950	3	37.4	15.2
1950	4	40.1	13.9
1950	5	37.2	15.5
1950	6	40.2	13.6
1950	7	39.8	12.7
1950	8	41	11.4
1950	9	41.9	12.6
1950	10	43.6	11.6
1950	11	42.4	11
1950	12	43.8	14.2
1951	1	42.4	9.8
1951	2	41.7	8.7
1951	3	43.4	10
1951	4	40.7	9.4
1951	5	42.9	7.6
1951	6	41.3	9.6
1951	7	42.6	10.4
1951	8	44	10.6
1951	9	43.6	8.7
1951	10	42.6	8.3
1951	11	42	12.7
1951	12	42.8	9.1
1952	1	41.4	10.5
1952	2	43.3	10.5
1952	3	41.6	9.5
1952	4	41.8	9.2
1952	5	43.7	11.5
1952	6	44	9.6
1952	7	42.4	9.7
1952	8	42.3	9.4
1952	9	43.4	9.7
1952	10	41.8	10.2
1952	11	43.4	10.4
1952	12	42.2	9.6
1953	1	42.8	9.2
1953	2	43.5	7.6
1953	3	44.9	8.1
1953	4	42.8	8.1
1953	5	40.2	7.5
1953	6	41.4	7.4
1953	7	40	8
1953	8	40.3	8.2
1953	9	38.8	8.5
1953	10	37.2	12.7
1953	11	39.5	9.7
1953	12	39.2	11.9
1954	1	41.6	11.7
1954	2	42.6	15.7
1954	3	40.7	14.5
1954	4	40.5	14.3
1954	5	38	12.8
1954	6	36.4	11.5
1954	7	37.2	13
1954	8	37.4	14.9
1954	9	37.6	15.9
1954	10	37.6	13.7
1954	11	35.6	11.6
1954	12	33	14
1955	1	36.7	12.3
1955	2	34.9	11.4
1955	3	35.4	10.9
1955	4	36.7	10.9
1955	5	37	11.4
1955	6	37.3	12.9
1955	7	38.5	13
1955	8	40.5	14.5
1955	9	39.5	11.9
1955	10	39.9	12
1955	11	42.1	12
1955	12	42.6	13.2
1956	1	40.6	11.8
1956	2	39.4	12.5
1956	3	39.6	11.3
1956	4	41.6	11.7
1956	5	43.9	14
1956	6	44.1	15.2
1956	7	42.6	11.1
1956	8	41.5	10.5
1956	9	42.5	11.2
1956	10	41.2	11.7
1956	11	41.4	13.5
1956	12	40.8	9.3
1957	1	40.7	12.7
1957	2	40.9	11.5
1957	3	41.6	12.9
1957	4	40.5	11.3
1957	5	40	10.9
1957	6	40.8	12.5
1957	7	41	12.7
1957	8	39.1	12.7
1957	9	38.7	12.1
1957	10	39.6	11.9
1957	11	40.4	14.7
1957	12	39	13.7
1958	1	37.2	13.2
1958	2	38.7	15.3
1958	3	36.9	15.2
1958	4	38	18.6
1958	5	38.7	17.3
1958	6	36.8	16.3
1958	7	36.7	18.1
1958	8	37	15.6
1958	9	36.5	17.8
1958	10	38.8	17.1
1958	11	36.4	15.6
1958	12	36.9	16.2
1959	1	37.2	13.7
1959	2	36.4	13.4
1959	3	35.9	15.3
1959	4	38	16.4
1959	5	36.4	14.9
1959	6	37	14.5
1959	7	37.4	15.4
1959	8	37	16.9
1959	9	36.4	15.5
1959	10	36.6	16.2
1959	11	35.9	15.2
1959	12	37.8	15.5
1960	1	37.1	16.3
1960	2	37.6	13.7
1960	3	35.4	15.7
1960	4	38.3	15.2
1960	5	38	15.9
1960	6	39.6	16.1
1960	7	37	13.5
1960	8	37.7	16.4
1960	9	38.7	16.5
1960	10	37.4	16.4
1960	11	37.7	14.2
1960	12	35.4	16.5
1961	1	38	19.3
1961	2	36.9	18.3
1961	3	38.3	17.8
1961	4	35.4	17.5
1961	5	34.8	16.6
1961	6	37.3	17.8
1961	7	36.6	19
1961	8	36.9	18.7
1961	9	36.2	19.7
1961	10	35	18.6
1961	11	35.9	19
1961	12	35.4	17.5
1962	1	34.4	17.2
1962	2	35.5	18.1
1962	3	35.9	16.9
1962	4	34.3	16
1962	5	35.9	16.4
1962	6	35.6	17
1962	7	34.9	15.2
1962	8	34	15.3
1962	9	35.2	14.4
1962	10	34.6	15.2
1962	11	34.5	17.5
1962	12	34.1	16.1
1963	1	34.7	16.2
1963	2	34.7	21.1
1963	3	33.7	19.7
1963	4	34.3	19.6
1963	5	34.9	20.7
1963	6	33.7	19.8
1963	7	34.4	20.1
1963	8	34.2	17.7
1963	9	34.4	19
1963	10	35.4	19.2
1963	11	33.9	19.6
1963	12	33.9	19.1
1964	1	35.2	18.9
1964	2	35.7	17.6
1964	3	35.4	18.1
1964	4	35.1	19.5
1964	5	35.8	17.8
1964	6	35.7	18.5
1964	7	34.3	15.8
1964	8	34.9	18.3
1964	9	36.3	16.4
1964	10	33.6	17
1964	11	33.8	16.2
1964	12	34.3	18.8
1965	1	32.5	19.6
1965	2	33.9	18.8
1965	3	34.3	16.9
1965	4	35.5	17.7
1965	5	35.3	15.9
1965	6	34.6	16.3
1965	7	36.4	16.5
1965	8	36.1	16
1965	9	37.5	16.8
1965	10	38.1	15.7
1965	11	37.5	15.8
1965	12	38.2	15.9
1966	1	38.2	15.1
1966	2	37.5	14.5
1966	3	37.1	16.1
1966	4	37.6	15.4
1966	5	37.5	16.3
1966	6	38.4	15
1966	7	39	14.8
1966	8	39.2	14.3
1966	9	38.4	14.7
1966	10	38.4	14.4
1966	11	39.3	13.3
1966	12	40.3	13.8
1967	1	39.3	14.2
1967	2	38.9	15.6
1967	3	38.4	13.5
1967	4	37.6	13.9
1967	5	37.7	14.5
1967	6	39.5	14.6
1967	7	39.5	14.5
1967	8	40	15
1967	9	38.7	14.1
1967	10	39.7	15
1967	11	39.3	15.6
1967	12	39.1	14.9
1968	1	37.3	14.4
1968	2	39	15.3
1968	3	38.2	15.1
1968	4	37.9	13.3
1968	5	39.7	15.1
1968	6	41	15.9
1968	7	40.4	15.8
1968	8	39.3	13.4
1968	9	38.4	13.2
1968	10	38.5	13.4
1968	11	38.3	14
1968	12	38.9	15
1969	1	38.7	13.8
1969	2	38.6	13.1
1969	3	39.6	14
1969	4	40.1	13.6
1969	5	39.3	14.3
1969	6	40.5	14.3
1969	7	40.8	15.1
1969	8	40.3	15.5
1969	9	41.8	15.3
1969	10	42.4	15.3
1969	11	42.3	14.5
1969	12	41.5	14
1970	1	41.8	16.1
1970	2	41.7	15.5
1970	3	41.7	15.7
1970	4	41	17
1970	5	41.1	16
1970	6	40	17.4
1970	7	40.4	15.9
1970	8	40.9	17
1970	9	41.3	18.7
1970	10	40.9	18.5
1970	11	40.6	18.6
1970	12	40.7	19.4
1971	1	41.8	18.9
1971	2	41	16.9
1971	3	40.8	18.2
1971	4	40.8	17.9
1971	5	41.2	18.4
1971	6	36.9	19.7
1971	7	40.9	20.1
1971	8	40.9	19.3
1971	9	40.3	18.3
1971	10	40.5	19.4
1971	11	41.7	18.4
1971	12	41.4	18.9
1972	1	42.5	18.1
1972	2	41.9	20
1972	3	42.2	20
1972	4	42.3	18.8
1972	5	42.5	16.6
1972	6	42	17.1
1972	7	41.7	17.5
1972	8	43.4	20
1972	9	42	19.8
1972	10	41.8	18.1
1972	11	42.4	18.4
1972	12	43.1	17.8
1973	1	40.9	16.7
1973	2	43.2	17.8
1973	3	44.2	17.1
1973	4	45.3	19.1
1973	5	44.6	17.6
1973	6	45.2	17.5
1973	7	44.4	16.4
1973	8	44.3	16.2
1973	9	45.8	17.8
1973	10	45.8	17
1973	11	45.5	17.7
1973	12	45.4	17
1974	1	45.6	18
1974	2	45.6	17.6
1974	3	45.4	17.9
1974	4	44.1	16.5
1974	5	45	17.6
1974	6	46.1	18.8
1974	7	46.6	18.8
1974	8	44.5	16.6
1974	9	46	18.8
1974	10	46.2	18.9
1974	11	45.6	20
1974	12	45.4	21.1
1975	1	46.2	21
1975	2	44.9	21.1
1975	3	44.7	21.4
1975	4	44.2	21.3
1975	5	44.2	21.5
1975	6	43.8	21.5
1975	7	44.1	21.4
1975	8	44	22.2
1975	9	44.5	22.1
1975	10	44.4	22
1975	11	44.1	20.3
1975	12	44	20.9
1976	1	44.9	21
1976	2	44.4	21.4
1976	3	44	19.6
1976	4	45.5	21
1976	5	44.6	21.7
1976	6	43.6	21.9
1976	7	46.1	20.6
1976	8	45.6	21.6
1976	9	44.2	20.7
1976	10	44.1	21.4
1976	11	44.4	21.7
1976	12	44.1	20.7
1977	1	44.2	21.2
1977	2	45.4	20
1977	3	45.7	21.4
1977	4	45.5	19.3
1977	5	45.4	20.2
1977	6	46.9	22.2
1977	7	46.1	19.7
1977	8	47.1	19.8
1977	9	46.9	20
1977	10	46.9	19
1977	11	47.8	19.2
1977	12	46.7	17.6
1978	1	47.1	18.8
1978	2	47.5	20.7
1978	3	47.1	19.9
1978	4	47.9	19.4
1978	5	48.8	18.6
1978	6	48.9	18
1978	7	49.5	20.2
1978	8	50.6	18.6
1978	9	49.1	19.5
1978	10	49.2	19.2
1978	11	48.8	19
1978	12	49.4	19.9
1979	1	49.2	18.6
1979	2	49.8	18.6
1979	3	49.6	18.9
1979	4	48.9	18.7
1979	5	47.8	18.2
1979	6	48.3	17.8
1979	7	47.9	17.4
1979	8	46.3	18.1
1979	9	49	17.3
1979	10	48.6	18.5
1979	11	48.8	17
1979	12	49.5	18.3
1980	1	48.7	19.2
1980	2	47.2	18.9
1980	3	47.8	18.1
1980	4	45.8	18.5
1980	5	47.2	20.7
1980	6	47.4	20
1980	7	48.3	21
1980	8	45.5	22.1
1980	9	46.5	20.1
1980	10	46.8	20.9
1980	11	46.1	21.2
1980	12	45.5	19.7
1981	1	46.4	21.4
1981	2	46.6	21.6
1981	3	46.6	21.9
1981	4	46.8	21.2
1981	5	45.7	20.9
1981	6	43.9	22.9
1981	7	44.1	19.7
1981	8	44.9	20.5
1981	9	44.8	21
1981	10	44.3	21.5
1981	11	44.8	22.7
1981	12	43.5	21.5
1982	1	44	22.7
1982	2	44.3	23.4
1982	3	43.7	23.2
1982	4	43.8	24
1982	5	44.6	24.9
1982	6	41.5	24.3
1982	7	41.6	25.7
1982	8	42.5	25.5
1982	9	43	26.3
1982	10	43.5	25.6
1982	11	43.6	26.6
1982	12	42.9	27.1
1983	1	42.7	24.7
1983	2	41.3	24.2
1983	3	40.8	25.1
1983	4	41.1	25.6
1983	5	40.9	25.9
1983	6	42.6	26.4
1983	7	41.5	25.1
1983	8	42.5	24.8
1983	9	41.5	23.9
1983	10	41	23.7
1983	11	41.5	21.9
1983	12	42.3	22.5
1984	1	41.1	22.2
1984	2	41.5	22.3
1984	3	41.7	22.8
1984	4	42.1	21.9
1984	5	42.6	20.4
1984	6	43.1	20.6
1984	7	42.9	20.7
1984	8	41.6	21.7
1984	9	43.8	21.3
1984	10	42.5	19.7
1984	11	42.5	19.7
1984	12	43.5	20.9
1985	1	43.9	21
1985	2	44.4	19.9
1985	3	44.4	21
1985	4	43.8	20.5
1985	5	43.9	20.9
1985	6	42.9	21.6
1985	7	44.6	22.2
1985	8	42.7	19.3
1985	9	43	20.3
1985	10	43.5	22.7
1985	11	43.6	20.8
1985	12	42.8	21.4
1986	1	42.4	20.6
1986	2	44.2	21.2
1986	3	44.7	19.9
1986	4	45.5	20.7
1986	5	45.1	20.7
1986	6	45.4	20.8
1986	7	44.5	20.1
1986	8	43.6	19.8
1986	9	45.4	20.5
1986	10	44.8	18.9
1986	11	44.3	20.5
1986	12	44.1	19
1987	1	44.7	19.7
1987	2	45.3	19.8
1987	3	44.8	20.2
1987	4	43.8	19.2
1987	5	46.1	21.5
1987	6	44.4	19.3
1987	7	45	17.5
1987	8	46.8	17.6
1987	9	44.5	17.8
1987	10	46	20.3
1987	11	44.1	19.3
1987	12	45.7	17.5
1988	1	45.4	18.3
1988	2	44.8	17.4
1988	3	43.8	18.1
1988	4	44.6	18.3
1988	5	43.6	16.8
1988	6	46.2	16.1
1988	7	45.9	17.3
1988	8	45.9	17.5
1988	9	45.9	19.9
1988	10	44.9	17.2
1988	11	45.4	15.6
1988	12	44.8	16.5
1989	1	44.4	18.2
1989	2	44.2	18.2
1989	3	44.1	15.8
1989	4	44.6	15.8
1989	5	45	16.1
1989	6	45.6	17.7
1989	7	45.2	17.4
1989	8	47	17.1
1989	9	45	17.2
1989	10	47	16.7
1989	11	46.6	17.6
1989	12	45.5	18.1
1990	1	43.2	16
1990	2	43.2	18.4
1990	3	44.9	16.7
1990	4	44.1	17.1
1990	5	44.4	18.7
1990	6	42.4	16.8
1990	7	41.8	16.4
1990	8	42.3	18.5
1990	9	41.2	18.6
1990	10	41	18.8
1990	11	41.4	19.4
1990	12	41.1	20
1991	1	40.6	20.6
1991	2	41	18.7
1991	3	40.9	20.5
1991	4	40.8	20.6
1991	5	39.7	19.7
1991	6	41.3	20.2
1991	7	39.6	22.4
1991	8	39.7	22.1
1991	9	39.5	21
1991	10	41.4	21.7
1991	11	39.9	21.2
1991	12	40.3	24.3
1992	1	39.4	21.8
1992	2	39.7	23
1992	3	39.2	22.7
1992	4	40	21.9
1992	5	39.6	23.5
1992	6	41.3	26.3
1992	7	40.2	23.4
1992	8	41.1	21.8
1992	9	40.8	24.3
1992	10	39.1	22.1
1992	11	40.1	24.2
1992	12	40.3	23.2
1993	1	39.9	23.8
1993	2	40.6	22.1
1993	3	41.1	23.7
1993	4	39.9	22
1993	5	41	21
1993	6	40	23.6
1993	7	40.1	20
1993	8	40.6	19.8
1993	9	39.6	19.5
1993	10	40.4	21.4
1993	11	40.5	21
1993	12	40.9	20
1994	1	43.5	20.9
1994	2	42.5	21.2
1994	3	41.5	19.6
1994	4	44	23.4
1994	5	43.1	20
1994	6	43.1	20.4
1994	7	43.1	20.2
1994	8	44.9	19.6
1994	9	42.9	19.7
1994	10	43.9	18.3
1994	11	43.2	18
1994	12	43.4	18.3
1995	1	43.5	19.4
1995	2	43.4	20
1995	3	43.6	19.6
1995	4	43.4	20.4
1995	5	43.4	20.9
1995	6	45.3	18.9
1995	7	43.9	21.2
1995	8	43.8	20.7
1995	9	43.6	20.3
1995	10	42.8	20.5
1995	11	43.1	20.4
1995	12	42.9	20.4
1996	1	42.3	20
1996	2	42.2	19.7
1996	3	42.7	19.1
1996	4	42.4	19
1996	5	43.1	19.7
1996	6	43.2	18.9
1996	7	43.2	20.3
1996	8	42.1	19.1
1996	9	42.3	17.4
1996	10	43	18
1996	11	41.6	16.8
1996	12	42.3	19.2
1997	1	40.3	17.4
1997	2	42	19.3
1997	3	41.4	19.1
1997	4	42	18.6
1997	5	41.4	18.8
1997	6	40.9	17.3
1997	7	41.2	18.7
1997	8	40.2	17.9
1997	9	41.3	19.2
1997	10	41	17.2
1997	11	41.5	17.4
1997	12	41.2	17.5
1998	1	43.4	16.9
1998	2	43	18.2
1998	3	42.9	16.8
1998	4	41.7	15.4
1998	5	41.7	16.4
1998	6	41.7	17.9
1998	7	41.4	16.6
1998	8	42.2	17.1
1998	9	43.1	17.8
1998	10	42.2	18.9
1998	11	41.6	17.6
1998	12	42.9	16.3
1999	1	42.7	18.3
1999	2	41.8	15.2
1999	3	41.6	16.6
1999	4	41.9	16.7
1999	5	41.7	16
1999	6	40.3	16.8
1999	7	41.5	15.5
1999	8	40.9	15.6
1999	9	40.2	16.1
1999	10	42	16.4
1999	11	40.9	16.3
1999	12	41.4	15.9
2000	1	41.6	14.4
2000	2	41	15.5
2000	3	41.5	15.3
2000	4	41.4	14.8
2000	5	40.7	15.9
2000	6	41.6	14.4
2000	7	39.5	15.9
2000	8	41.6	16.5
2000	9	40.9	15.8
2000	10	39.5	15.3
2000	11	40.6	15.6
2000	12	41.5	15.5
2001	1	39.6	17.7
2001	2	40	17.5
2001	3	39.2	16.2
2001	4	39	16.8
2001	5	39.3	15.4
2001	6	39.1	16.2
2001	7	39.1	17.6
2001	8	37.1	18.1
2001	9	37.9	16.2
2001	10	38.3	17.5
2001	11	37.2	17.5
2001	12	37	19.4
2002	1	34.4	18.8
2002	2	35.1	17.7
2002	3	36.9	18.6
2002	4	35.5	19.9
2002	5	34.9	20.3
2002	6	36	19.1
2002	7	36	18.9
2002	8	35.7	19.2
2002	9	36.7	19.3
2002	10	34.9	15.5
2002	11	34.6	19.6
2002	12	34.2	17.8
2003	1	34.4	18.9
2003	2	33.8	19
2003	3	32.8	17.3
2003	4	33.5	19.3
2003	5	33.4	18.2
2003	6	34.5	20.9
2003	7	33.8	20.1
2003	8	34.1	18.6
2003	9	32.9	19.3
2003	10	32.2	19.8
2003	11	32.3	17
2003	12	32	18.5
2004	1	33.3	18.9
2004	2	32.1	17.8
2004	3	31.4	19.8
2004	4	32.2	21.1
2004	5	31.7	21.3
2004	6	31	20.8
2004	7	32.5	20.3
2004	8	32.7	20.7
2004	9	31.8	19.3
2004	10	31.9	20.1
2004	11	32	20.6
2004	12	32.2	20.8
2005	1	32.3	19.5
2005	2	32.8	20.3
2005	3	33.4	19.3
2005	4	32.2	20.6
2005	5	32.6	20.2
2005	6	32.7	18
2005	7	32.6	18.7
2005	8	32.8	18.3
2005	9	31.5	18.3
2005	10	31	18.2
2005	11	31.5	20.8
2005	12	31	17.4
2006	1	31	16.4
2006	2	32.3	17.8
2006	3	32.1	18.8
2006	4	32	16.3
2006	5	32.5	15.3
2006	6	34.1	17.3
2006	7	33.1	17.2
2006	8	32.9	19.2
2006	9	31.6	17.5
2006	10	32.6	17.3
2006	11	32.5	16.7
2006	12	32.4	16.3
2007	1	31.5	16.6
2007	2	30.4	17
2007	3	30.2	16.6
2007	4	30.3	17.2
2007	5	29.5	17
2007	6	30.6	16.9
2007	7	30	16.8
2007	8	29.7	18.5
2007	9	29.3	18.3
2007	10	30	16.8
2007	11	29.5	18.7
2007	12	29.9	19.4
2008	1	29.4	21
2008	2	28.5	18.9
2008	3	28.5	19
2008	4	28.6	20.7
2008	5	28.9	21.9
2008	6	28.6	23.9
2008	7	29	24.9
2008	8	27.7	21.8
2008	9	27.2	20.6
2008	10	27.2	22.2
2008	11	25.6	23.7
2008	12	25.9	23.6
2009	1	24.9	21.9
2009	2	27.1	23.5
2009	3	25.8	23.9
2009	4	25	23.5
2009	5	25.9	23.8
2009	6	25.9	25.9
2009	7	26.1	25.9
2009	8	25.8	26.3
2009	9	24.2	27.6
2009	10	22.6	29.3
2009	11	22.1	29
2009	12	23	29.8
2010	1	23.1	28.1
2010	2	22.8	28.5
2010	3	22.5	29.8
2010	4	23.1	29.2
2010	5	22.7	29.8
2010	6	22	29.3
2010	7	22.4	30.4
2010	8	23.1	31.2
2010	9	21.9	30
2010	10	22.4	30.3
2010	11	21.1	24.9
2010	12	21.9	27.1
2011	1	21.8	27.8
2011	2	20.7	28.8
2011	3	21.3	29
2011	4	20.8	31.4
2011	5	20.7	29.4
2011	6	22	28.2

See notes to figure 1. Data are for 16-17 year olds (male and female).

Return to Figure 3

Figure 4a: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in the summer

year	July	June July and August
1985	0.11
1986	0.12	0.04
1987	0.13	0.03
1988	0.13	0.04
1989	0.14	0.05
1990	0.17	0.06
1991	0.15	0.04
1992	0.13	0.04
1993	0.14	0.03
1994	0.21	0.07
1996	0.25	0.10
1997	0.26	0.13
1998	0.28	0.13
1999	0.31	0.17
2000	0.31	0.15
2001	0.36	0.19
2002	0.39	0.23
2003	0.38	0.22
2004	0.43	0.24
2005	0.41	0.22
2006	0.43	0.24
2007	0.46	0.30
2008	0.48	0.31
2009	0.51	0.32
2010	0.53	0.35

Notes: Data for all series in panels B and D come from CPS outgoing monthly rotation group microdata. Data for panel A comes from all CPS monthly microdata (NBER extracts). The dots in panel C are calculated from Census 5% microdata extract (from IPUMS). For panel A the dotted line is the fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in June July and August and the sample is only those who have observations in these three months that can be matched in the CPS; matching was not possible for 1985. For panel D teen jobs are everything in the retail food service and other personal services industries in addition to the following occupations: janitor cashier child care worker farm laborer gardener usher bellhop stock handler construction laborer.

Return to Figure 4a

Figure 4b: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of 19-21 attending college (school year)

year	frac enrolled in college
1985	0.38
1986	0.37
1987	0.38
1988	0.40
1989	0.41
1990	0.41
1991	0.42
1992	0.43
1993	0.43
1994	0.43
1995	0.43
1996	0.44
1997	0.45
1998	0.45
1999	0.45
2000	0.44
2001	0.44
2002	0.47
2003	0.47
2004	0.48
2005	0.48
2006	0.47
2007	0.48
2008	0.49
2009	0.50
2010	0.51

Notes: Data for all series in panels B and D come from CPS outgoing monthly rotation group microdata. Data for panel A comes from all CPS monthly microdata (NBER extracts). The dots in panel C are calculated from Census 5% microdata extract (from IPUMS). For panel A the dotted line is the fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in June July and August and the sample is only those who have observations in these three months that can be matched in the CPS; matching was not possible for 1985. For panel D teen jobs are everything in the retail food service and other personal services industries in addition to the following occupations: janitor cashier child care worker farm laborer gardener usher bellhop stock handler construction laborer.

Return to Figure 4b

Figure 4c: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of the adult (21+) population that is immigrant

year	all	native	immigrant
1985	0.30
1986	0.30
1987	0.31
1988	0.30
1989	0.31
1990	0.31
1991	0.32
1992	0.32
1993	0.32
1994	0.32	0.30	0.45
1995	0.32	0.30	0.45
1996	0.33	0.30	0.45
1997	0.32	0.30	0.44
1998	0.32	0.30	0.46
1999	0.33	0.30	0.45
2000	0.32	0.30	0.44
2001	0.33	0.30	0.45
2002	0.33	0.30	0.45
2003	0.34	0.31	0.46
2004	0.34	0.31	0.46
2005	0.34	0.31	0.46
2006	0.34	0.31	0.46
2007	0.35	0.31	0.47
2008	0.35	0.32	0.47
2009	0.36	0.32	0.48
2010	0.36	0.32	0.47

Notes: Data for all series in panels B and D come from CPS outgoing monthly rotation group microdata. Data for panel A comes from all CPS monthly microdata (NBER extracts). The dots in panel C are calculated from Census 5% microdata extract (from IPUMS). For panel A the dotted line is the fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in June July and August and the sample is only those who have observations in these three months that can be matched in the CPS; matching was not possible for 1985. For panel D teen jobs are everything in the retail food service and other personal services industries in addition to the following occupations: janitor cashier child care worker farm laborer gardener usher bellhop stock handler construction laborer.

Return to Figure 4c

Figure 4d: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of employed adults (21+ w/o college) in teen jobs

year	all adults	adults w/college	adults w/o college
1990	0.11	0.09	0.12
1994	0.11	0.10	0.13
1995	0.11	0.09	0.13
1996	0.12	0.10	0.14
1997	0.13	0.11	0.15
1998	0.13	0.11	0.15
1999	0.13	0.11	0.15
2000	0.14	0.12	0.17
2001	0.15	0.12	0.17
2002	0.15	0.12	0.18
2003	0.16	0.13	0.19
2004	0.16	0.13	0.19
2005	0.16	0.13	0.19
2006	0.16	0.13	0.20
2007	0.17	0.13	0.20
2008	0.17	0.14	0.21
2009	0.17	0.13	0.21
2010	0.17	0.14	0.21

Notes: Data for all series in panels B and D come from CPS outgoing monthly rotation group microdata. Data for panel A comes from all CPS monthly microdata (NBER extracts). The dots in panel C are calculated from Census 5% microdata extract (from IPUMS). For panel A the dotted line is the fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in June July and August and the sample is only those who have observations in these three months that can be matched in the CPS; matching was not possible for 1985. For panel D teen jobs are everything in the retail food service and other personal services industries in addition to the following occupations: janitor cashier child care worker farm laborer gardener usher bellhop stock handler construction laborer.

Return to Figure 4d

Figure 5: Changes in the employment share of an occupation by 1985 wage levels

percentile	all adults	adults w/o college ed	adults w/colleg ed
1	0.14	0.34	0.22
2	0.14	0.33	0.21
3	0.13	0.31	0.21
4	0.13	0.30	0.21
5	0.12	0.28	0.20
6	0.11	0.26	0.19
7	0.10	0.24	0.19
8	0.09	0.23	0.18
9	0.08	0.21	0.17
10	0.07	0.19	0.16
11	0.06	0.18	0.15
12	0.05	0.16	0.14
13	0.04	0.15	0.13
14	0.03	0.13	0.12
15	0.02	0.12	0.11
16	0.01	0.11	0.11
17	0.00	0.10	0.10
18	-0.00	0.09	0.09
19	-0.01	0.08	0.08
20	-0.02	0.07	0.07
21	-0.02	0.06	0.07
22	-0.03	0.05	0.06
23	-0.04	0.04	0.05
24	-0.05	0.03	0.05
25	-0.05	0.02	0.04
26	-0.06	0.01	0.03
27	-0.06	0.00	0.03
28	-0.07	-0.00	0.02
29	-0.08	-0.01	0.01
30	-0.08	-0.02	0.01
31	-0.09	-0.03	0.00
32	-0.09	-0.03	-0.00
33	-0.10	-0.04	-0.01
34	-0.10	-0.05	-0.02
35	-0.10	-0.05	-0.02
36	-0.11	-0.06	-0.03
37	-0.11	-0.07	-0.03
38	-0.12	-0.07	-0.04
39	-0.12	-0.08	-0.05
40	-0.12	-0.08	-0.05
41	-0.12	-0.09	-0.06
42	-0.13	-0.09	-0.06
43	-0.13	-0.09	-0.07
44	-0.13	-0.10	-0.07
45	-0.13	-0.10	-0.08
46	-0.13	-0.10	-0.08
47	-0.13	-0.10	-0.08
48	-0.13	-0.11	-0.09
49	-0.13	-0.11	-0.09
50	-0.13	-0.11	-0.09
51	-0.12	-0.11	-0.09
52	-0.12	-0.11	-0.09
53	-0.12	-0.11	-0.09
54	-0.11	-0.10	-0.09
55	-0.11	-0.10	-0.09
56	-0.10	-0.10	-0.09
57	-0.10	-0.10	-0.09
58	-0.09	-0.10	-0.09
59	-0.09	-0.09	-0.09
60	-0.08	-0.09	-0.09
61	-0.07	-0.09	-0.09
62	-0.07	-0.08	-0.08
63	-0.06	-0.08	-0.08
64	-0.05	-0.08	-0.08
65	-0.04	-0.07	-0.07
66	-0.03	-0.07	-0.07
67	-0.03	-0.06	-0.07
68	-0.02	-0.06	-0.06
69	-0.01	-0.05	-0.06
70	0.00	-0.05	-0.06
71	0.01	-0.05	-0.05
72	0.02	-0.04	-0.05
73	0.03	-0.03	-0.05
74	0.04	-0.03	-0.04
75	0.05	-0.02	-0.04
76	0.06	-0.02	-0.03
77	0.07	-0.01	-0.03
78	0.09	-0.00	-0.02
79	0.10	0.00	-0.01
80	0.11	0.01	-0.01
81	0.12	0.02	-0.00
82	0.13	0.02	0.00
83	0.14	0.03	0.01
84	0.16	0.04	0.02
85	0.17	0.05	0.03
86	0.18	0.05	0.03
87	0.20	0.06	0.04
88	0.21	0.07	0.05
89	0.22	0.08	0.06
90	0.24	0.09	0.07
91	0.25	0.10	0.08
92	0.27	0.11	0.09
93	0.28	0.12	0.10
94	0.30	0.13	0.10
95	0.31	0.14	0.11
96	0.33	0.15	0.12
97	0.34	0.16	0.13
98	0.36	0.17	0.14
99	0.37	0.18	0.15
100	0.39	0.19	0.15

Note: Each line plots the change in the share of adults (25+) employed in occupations that were at the given percentile of the adult (25+) wage distribution in 1984-1986. Lines are smoothed using the "lowess" function of Stata with a bandwidth of .8. All statistics are computed from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata.

Return to Figure 5

Figure 6: CDFs of employment share (2008-2010 average)

percentile	teens 16-17	all adults	adults w/college	adults w/o college
1	0.06	0.01	0.01	0.01
2	0.15	0.01	0.01	0.02
3	0.28	0.02	0.01	0.04
4	0.32	0.03	0.02	0.05
5	0.36	0.04	0.02	0.07
6	0.38	0.05	0.02	0.09
7	0.45	0.06	0.03	0.11
8	0.54	0.06	0.03	0.12
9	0.57	0.07	0.04	0.13
10	0.59	0.08	0.04	0.14
11	0.60	0.09	0.06	0.16
12	0.61	0.11	0.07	0.18
13	0.64	0.12	0.07	0.20
14	0.67	0.13	0.08	0.21
15	0.69	0.14	0.09	0.22
16	0.70	0.15	0.10	0.24
17	0.71	0.16	0.11	0.25
18	0.73	0.17	0.11	0.27
19	0.75	0.17	0.11	0.28
20	0.76	0.18	0.12	0.29
21	0.77	0.19	0.13	0.31
22	0.78	0.20	0.13	0.32
23	0.81	0.21	0.13	0.33
24	0.83	0.21	0.14	0.34
25	0.84	0.22	0.15	0.36
26	0.85	0.23	0.15	0.37
27	0.85	0.23	0.15	0.37
28	0.86	0.24	0.16	0.39
29	0.86	0.25	0.17	0.40
30	0.87	0.26	0.17	0.41
31	0.87	0.26	0.18	0.42
32	0.87	0.27	0.18	0.42
33	0.87	0.28	0.19	0.43
34	0.87	0.28	0.20	0.44
35	0.87	0.29	0.21	0.44
36	0.87	0.30	0.21	0.45
37	0.87	0.30	0.22	0.46
38	0.88	0.31	0.23	0.47
39	0.89	0.33	0.23	0.50
40	0.90	0.34	0.24	0.52
41	0.90	0.34	0.24	0.53
42	0.90	0.35	0.24	0.54
43	0.90	0.36	0.25	0.55
44	0.91	0.37	0.26	0.57
45	0.91	0.38	0.26	0.58
46	0.91	0.39	0.27	0.60
47	0.91	0.39	0.27	0.62
48	0.91	0.40	0.27	0.62
49	0.92	0.40	0.28	0.63
50	0.93	0.42	0.29	0.64
51	0.94	0.43	0.30	0.65
52	0.94	0.43	0.31	0.66
53	0.94	0.44	0.31	0.67
54	0.94	0.45	0.32	0.69
55	0.94	0.45	0.32	0.69
56	0.95	0.46	0.33	0.70
57	0.95	0.48	0.35	0.71
58	0.95	0.49	0.36	0.72
59	0.95	0.50	0.37	0.73
60	0.95	0.51	0.38	0.74
61	0.95	0.52	0.39	0.75
62	0.96	0.52	0.39	0.76
63	0.96	0.54	0.40	0.77
64	0.96	0.54	0.41	0.78
65	0.96	0.56	0.43	0.79
66	0.97	0.56	0.43	0.80
67	0.97	0.57	0.44	0.81
68	0.97	0.58	0.45	0.82
69	0.97	0.59	0.46	0.82
70	0.97	0.61	0.49	0.82
71	0.97	0.63	0.51	0.82
72	0.97	0.64	0.53	0.83
73	0.97	0.65	0.54	0.83
74	0.98	0.65	0.55	0.84
75	0.98	0.66	0.56	0.84
76	0.98	0.67	0.56	0.85
77	0.98	0.67	0.56	0.86
78	0.98	0.68	0.58	0.86
79	0.98	0.69	0.59	0.87
80	0.98	0.71	0.62	0.88
81	0.98	0.72	0.63	0.88
82	0.98	0.73	0.64	0.88
83	0.99	0.75	0.67	0.89
84	0.99	0.76	0.69	0.90
85	0.99	0.78	0.70	0.91
86	0.99	0.79	0.72	0.92
87	0.99	0.81	0.74	0.93
88	0.99	0.82	0.76	0.93
89	0.99	0.83	0.77	0.94
90	0.99	0.85	0.79	0.95
91	0.99	0.86	0.80	0.96
92	0.99	0.87	0.82	0.97
93	0.99	0.89	0.84	0.98
94	1.00	0.90	0.86	0.98
95	1.00	0.92	0.89	0.98
96	1.00	0.94	0.91	0.99
97	1.00	0.96	0.94	0.99
98	1.00	0.98	0.97	1.00
99	1.00	0.99	0.98	1.00
100	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00

Note: Each line plots the CDF of the share of the group employed in occupations that were at the given percentile of the adult (25+) wage distribution in 1984-1986. All statistics are computed from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata.

Return to Figure 6

Figure 7a: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in the summer

statename	change in fraction of employed teens 1985 to 2010	change in fraction of teens enrolled in June July and August 1986 to 2010
Alabama	-0.07	0.35
Alaska	-0.01	0.36
Arizona	-0.26	0.39
Arkansas	-0.14	0.24
California	-0.20	0.32
Delaware	-0.17	0.38
District of Columbia	-0.17	0.27
Florida	-0.24	0.44
Georgia	-0.22	0.50
Hawaii	-0.13	0.49
Idaho	-0.25	0.31
Illinois	-0.20	0.41
Indiana	-0.21	0.29
Iowa	0.00	-0.05
Kansas	-0.16	0.31
Kentucky	-0.08	0.36
Louisiana	-0.09	0.08
Maine	-0.17	0.43
Maryland	-0.21	0.43
Massachusetts	-0.25	0.20
Michigan	-0.18	0.21
Minnesota	-0.21	0.35
Mississippi	0.02	0.11
Missouri	-0.13	0.24
Montana	-0.17	0.04
Nebraska	-0.09	0.01
Nevada	-0.24	0.28
New Hampshire	-0.20	0.44
New Jersey	-0.17	0.35
New Mexico	-0.08	0.37
New York	-0.08	0.38
North Carolina	-0.24	0.38
North Dakota	0.08	0.00
Ohio	-0.11	0.04
Oklahoma	-0.02	0.11
Oregon	-0.17	0.30
Pennsylvania	-0.09	0.29
Rhode island	-0.09	0.16
South Carolina	-0.11	0.32
South Dakota	-0.19	0.16
Tennessee	-0.04	0.31
Texas	-0.12	0.29
Utah	-0.23	0.23
Vermont	0.01	0.41
Virginia	-0.21	0.63
Washington	-0.15	0.27
West Virginia	0.03	0.41
Wisconsin	-0.12	0.31
Wyoming	-0.05	0.23

Notes: Fraction of teens employed is the average emp-pop rate for the state from Jan. to Apr. and Oct. to Dec. and is estimated from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata. For 1980 the immigrant share of the adult population and share of emp. native adults in teen jobs are calculated from Census microdata; for 2010 they are calculated from CPS outgoing rotation group data.

Regression line: change in fract emp = -0.07(0.03) - .22(0.08)*change in fract enrolled

Return to Figure 7a

Figure 7b: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of 19-21 attending college (school year)

statename	change in fraction of employed teens 1985 to 2010	change in fraction 19-21 attending college 1985 to 2010
Alabama	-0.07	0.15
Alaska	-0.01	0.06
Arizona	-0.26	0.04
Arkansas	-0.14	0.04
California	-0.20	0.19
Delaware	-0.17	0.24
District of Columbia	-0.17	0.06
Florida	-0.24	0.15
Georgia	-0.22	0.17
Hawaii	-0.13	0.14
Idaho	-0.25	-0.00
Illinois	-0.20	0.19
Indiana	-0.21	0.09
Iowa	0.00	0.13
Kansas	-0.16	0.04
Kentucky	-0.08	0.09
Louisiana	-0.09	0.13
Maine	-0.17	0.17
Maryland	-0.21	0.09
Massachusetts	-0.25	0.15
Michigan	-0.18	0.20
Minnesota	-0.21	0.06
Mississippi	0.02	0.15
Missouri	-0.13	0.04
Montana	-0.17	0.05
Nebraska	-0.09	0.16
Nevada	-0.24	0.16
New Hampshire	-0.20	0.24
New Jersey	-0.17	0.24
New Mexico	-0.08	0.11
New York	-0.08	0.13
North Carolina	-0.24	0.08
North Dakota	0.08	0.02
Ohio	-0.11	0.23
Oklahoma	-0.02	-0.01
Oregon	-0.17	0.02
Pennsylvania	-0.09	0.11
Rhode island	-0.09	0.27
South Carolina	-0.11	0.24
South Dakota	-0.19	0.14
Tennessee	-0.04	0.16
Texas	-0.12	0.12
Utah	-0.23	-0.07
Vermont	0.01	0.29
Virginia	-0.21	0.19
Washington	-0.15	0.08
West Virginia	0.03	0.18
Wisconsin	-0.12	0.17
Wyoming	-0.05	0.07

Notes: Fraction of teens employed is the average emp-pop rate for the state from Jan. to Apr. and Oct. to Dec. and is estimated from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata. For 1980 the immigrant share of the adult population and share of emp. native adults in teen jobs are calculated from Census microdata; for 2010 they are calculated from CPS outgoing rotation group data.

Regression line: change in fract emp = -0.15(0.02) + .09(0.16)*change in fract attending college

Return to Figure 7b

Figure 7c: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of the adult (21+ w/o col.) population that is immigrant

statename	change in fraction of employed teens 1985 to 2010	change in immigrant share of non-college adult pop 1980 to 2010
Alabama	-0.07	0.05
Alaska	-0.01	0.07
Arizona	-0.26	0.20
Arkansas	-0.14	0.05
California	-0.20	0.29
Delaware	-0.17	0.08
District of Columbia	-0.17	0.18
Florida	-0.24	0.13
Georgia	-0.22	0.13
Hawaii	-0.13	0.08
Idaho	-0.25	0.08
Illinois	-0.20	0.13
Indiana	-0.21	0.04
Iowa	0.00	0.07
Kansas	-0.16	0.07
Kentucky	-0.08	0.05
Louisiana	-0.09	0.02
Maine	-0.17	-0.02
Maryland	-0.21	0.15
Massachusetts	-0.25	0.06
Michigan	-0.18	0.02
Minnesota	-0.21	0.08
Mississippi	0.02	0.03
Missouri	-0.13	0.02
Montana	-0.17	-0.01
Nebraska	-0.09	0.12
Nevada	-0.24	0.22
New Hampshire	-0.20	-0.00
New Jersey	-0.17	0.16
New Mexico	-0.08	0.11
New York	-0.08	0.10
North Carolina	-0.24	0.12
North Dakota	0.08	-0.01
Ohio	-0.11	0.00
Oklahoma	-0.02	0.06
Oregon	-0.17	0.13
Pennsylvania	-0.09	0.01
Rhode island	-0.09	0.08
South Carolina	-0.11	0.03
South Dakota	-0.19	0.04
Tennessee	-0.04	0.06
Texas	-0.12	0.22
Utah	-0.23	0.13
Vermont	0.01	-0.02
Virginia	-0.21	0.10
Washington	-0.15	0.14
West Virginia	0.03	-0.01
Wisconsin	-0.12	0.03
Wyoming	-0.05	0.02

Notes: Fraction of teens employed is the average emp-pop rate for the state from Jan. to Apr. and Oct. to Dec. and is estimated from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata. For 1980 the immigrant share of the adult population and share of emp. native adults in teen jobs are calculated from Census microdata; for 2010 they are calculated from CPS outgoing rotation group data.

Regression line: change in fract emp = -.09(0.02) + .55(0.16)*change in share immigrant

Return to Figure 7c

Figure 7d: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of native employed adults (21+ w/o college) in teen jobs

statename	change in fraction of employed teens 1985 to 2010	Change in fract. of native emp. adults (21+ no col.) in teen jobs 1980 to 2010
Alabama	-0.07	0.05
Alaska	-0.01	0.05
Arizona	-0.26	-0.02
Arkansas	-0.14	0.01
California	-0.20	0.03
Delaware	-0.17	0.04
District of Columbia	-0.17	0.01
Florida	-0.24	0.00
Georgia	-0.22	0.07
Hawaii	-0.13	0.06
Idaho	-0.25	0.02
Illinois	-0.20	0.06
Indiana	-0.21	0.05
Iowa	0.00	0.01
Kansas	-0.16	0.04
Kentucky	-0.08	0.04
Louisiana	-0.09	-0.01
Maine	-0.17	0.09
Maryland	-0.21	0.03
Massachusetts	-0.25	0.05
Michigan	-0.18	0.05
Minnesota	-0.21	0.03
Mississippi	0.02	-0.01
Missouri	-0.13	0.04
Montana	-0.17	0.01
Nebraska	-0.09	0.02
Nevada	-0.24	-0.01
New Hampshire	-0.20	0.06
New Jersey	-0.17	0.03
New Mexico	-0.08	-0.06
New York	-0.08	0.04
North Carolina	-0.24	0.05
North Dakota	0.08	-0.02
Ohio	-0.11	0.03
Oklahoma	-0.02	-0.00
Oregon	-0.17	0.01
Pennsylvania	-0.09	0.04
Rhode island	-0.09	0.09
South Carolina	-0.11	0.11
South Dakota	-0.19	-0.01
Tennessee	-0.04	0.06
Texas	-0.12	0.00
Utah	-0.23	0.00
Vermont	0.01	0.07
Virginia	-0.21	0.03
Washington	-0.15	0.04
West Virginia	0.03	-0.00
Wisconsin	-0.12	0.03
Wyoming	-0.05	-0.03

Notes: Fraction of teens employed is the average emp-pop rate for the state from Jan. to Apr. and Oct. to Dec. and is estimated from CPS outgoing rotation group microdata. For 1980 the immigrant share of the adult population and share of emp. native adults in teen jobs are calculated from Census microdata; for 2010 they are calculated from CPS outgoing rotation group data.

Regression line: change in fract emp = -.12(0.02) - .33(0.37)*change in share of adults in teen jobs

Return to Figure 7d

Figure 8: Counterfactual employment-population rates

year	quarter	Emp-pop 16+ actual	Emp-pop 16-24 actual	Emp-pop 16+ cfct.	Emp-pop 16-24 cfct.
1990	1	63.20	60.51	63.20	60.62
1990	2	63.00	60.30	63.01	60.39
1990	3	62.67	59.58	62.76	59.97
1990	4	62.33	58.70	62.45	59.32
1991	1	61.90	58.13	62.00	58.72
1991	2	61.77	57.18	61.98	58.50
1991	3	61.57	56.68	61.85	58.34
1991	4	61.37	56.60	61.68	58.19
1992	1	61.43	56.74	61.66	58.21
1992	2	61.53	56.46	61.84	58.44
1992	3	61.53	56.93	61.80	58.57
1992	4	61.37	56.73	61.70	58.64
1993	1	61.43	57.17	61.70	58.61
1993	2	61.67	57.08	61.92	58.66
1993	3	61.83	57.49	62.05	58.73
1993	4	61.90	57.23	62.21	58.89
1994	1	62.20	57.67	62.44	59.05
1994	2	62.37	58.12	62.58	59.29
1994	3	62.53	58.09	62.79	59.60
1994	4	63.00	58.64	63.18	59.87
1995	1	63.07	59.06	63.24	59.94
1995	2	62.83	58.64	63.02	59.67
1995	3	62.83	57.95	63.11	59.61
1995	4	62.80	57.47	63.16	59.62
1996	1	62.87	57.32	63.22	59.67
1996	2	63.07	57.80	63.39	59.87
1996	3	63.33	57.59	63.78	60.35
1996	4	63.43	57.87	63.88	60.51
1997	1	63.47	57.75	63.94	60.54
1997	2	63.73	58.17	64.18	60.76
1997	3	63.90	57.99	64.41	61.18
1997	4	64.00	58.32	64.45	61.17
1998	1	64.00	59.07	64.33	61.18
1998	2	64.07	59.06	64.41	61.23
1998	3	64.03	58.87	64.44	61.39
1998	4	64.20	59.04	64.61	61.64
1999	1	64.27	59.02	64.76	62.05
1999	2	64.23	58.87	64.73	61.97
1999	3	64.20	59.03	64.69	62.00
1999	4	64.37	59.07	64.89	62.33
2000	1	64.60	59.61	65.05	62.59
2000	2	64.53	59.76	65.00	62.71
2000	3	64.20	59.55	64.63	62.22
2000	4	64.30	59.79	64.68	62.08
2001	1	64.33	59.42	64.71	61.77
2001	2	63.83	57.86	64.41	61.40
2001	3	63.47	57.18	64.05	60.76
2001	4	63.03	56.49	63.65	60.30
2002	1	62.83	55.79	63.53	60.13
2002	2	62.77	55.85	63.43	59.88
2002	3	62.80	55.87	63.42	59.70
2002	4	62.53	55.24	63.19	59.32
2003	1	62.47	54.62	63.17	59.07
2003	2	62.33	53.96	63.17	59.00
2003	3	62.07	53.57	62.99	59.12
2003	4	62.20	53.51	63.15	59.29
2004	1	62.27	53.82	63.19	59.41
2004	2	62.33	53.79	63.23	59.51
2004	3	62.40	53.86	63.31	59.55
2004	4	62.40	54.14	63.28	59.57
2005	1	62.40	53.53	63.41	59.76
2005	2	62.73	53.74	63.71	59.87
2005	3	62.83	54.11	63.78	59.90
2005	4	62.77	54.21	63.67	59.77
2006	1	63.00	54.20	63.92	59.98
2006	2	63.07	54.27	63.99	60.01
2006	3	63.07	54.07	64.02	59.92
2006	4	63.33	54.43	64.21	59.87
2007	1	63.30	54.30	64.21	59.85
2007	2	63.00	53.06	64.08	59.70
2007	3	62.83	52.53	63.98	59.57
2007	4	62.77	52.73	63.88	59.51
2008	1	62.80	52.02	64.02	59.51
2008	2	62.53	52.01	63.66	59.09
2008	3	62.03	50.98	63.21	58.28
2008	4	61.37	49.97	62.45	56.90
2009	1	60.27	48.66	61.42	55.91
2009	2	59.60	47.57	60.85	55.44
2009	3	59.00	46.31	60.43	55.17
2009	4	58.40	44.92	60.05	55.17
2010	1	58.53	44.87	60.23	55.48
2010	2	58.63	45.04	60.33	55.64
2010	3	58.47	45.07	60.14	55.58
2010	4	58.27	45.06	59.93	55.61
2011	1	58.43	45.28	60.14	55.90

Note: Counterfactual employment-population rates predict the change in the emp-pop rate for 16-24 year olds from a regression of the change in emp-pop on three lags of the change in the CBO's estimate of the GDP gap the change in emp-pop for 24-54 year olds and the interaction of the changes in the GDP gap and lags and the change in adult emp-pop. The predicted change in emp-pop for 16-24 year olds is applied to the level of the emp-pop in 1990 to form the counterfactual emp-pop. The counterfactual emp-pop for 16+ uses the counterfactual emp-pop for 16-24 and the actual emp-pop for 25+.

Return to Figure 8

Figure 9a: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By gender

year	emp-pop female	emp-pop male
1985	0.33	0.35
1986	0.35	0.36
1987	0.37	0.36
1988	0.37	0.38
1989	0.38	0.37
1990	0.35	0.36
1991	0.32	0.33
1992	0.31	0.30
1993	0.31	0.32
1994	0.35	0.35
1995	0.35	0.34
1996	0.35	0.33
1997	0.34	0.33
1998	0.35	0.34
1999	0.34	0.34
2000	0.35	0.34
2001	0.33	0.31
2002	0.30	0.27
2003	0.28	0.25
2004	0.27	0.24
2005	0.29	0.24
2006	0.28	0.26
2007	0.26	0.23
2008	0.24	0.20
2009	0.19	0.17
2010	0.17	0.15

Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata.

Return to Figure 9a

Figure 9b: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By race

year	emp-pop black	emp-pop white
1985	0.16	0.38
1986	0.17	0.39
1987	0.18	0.40
1988	0.19	0.41
1989	0.21	0.41
1990	0.18	0.39
1991	0.15	0.37
1992	0.14	0.34
1993	0.14	0.36
1994	0.20	0.39
1995	0.19	0.38
1996	0.19	0.38
1997	0.18	0.37
1998	0.20	0.39
1999	0.18	0.38
2000	0.21	0.38
2001	0.19	0.36
2002	0.16	0.32
2003	0.15	0.30
2004	0.13	0.29
2005	0.12	0.30
2006	0.16	0.30
2007	0.13	0.28
2008	0.11	0.24
2009	0.09	0.21
2010	0.07	0.19

Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata.

Return to Figure 9b

Figure 9c: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By parental education

year	emp-pop 1+ parents with college	emp-pop no parents with college	emp-pop no parents with high school degree
1985	0.40	0.30	0.25
1986	0.41	0.32	0.26
1987	0.42	0.32	0.27
1988	0.42	0.34	0.27
1989	0.42	0.35	0.32
1990	0.40	0.32	0.28
1991	0.38	0.29	0.27
1992	0.35	0.27	0.20
1993	0.37	0.27	0.20
1994	0.38	0.31	0.30
1995	0.37	0.30	0.27
1996	0.38	0.30	0.22
1997	0.38	0.29	0.20
1998	0.39	0.30	0.24
1999	0.38	0.31	0.26
2000	0.38	0.30	0.25
2001	0.35	0.28	0.25
2002	0.31	0.25	0.21
2003	0.30	0.23	0.15
2004	0.28	0.22	0.15
2005	0.30	0.22	0.17
2006	0.30	0.22	0.19
2007	0.27	0.21	0.18
2008	0.24	0.18	0.13
2009	0.20	0.15	0.11
2010	0.18	0.13	0.10

Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata.

Return to Figure 9c

Figure 9d: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By school enrollment status

year	emp-pop not enrolled in school	emp-pop enrolled in school
1985	0.45	0.31
1986	0.44	0.33
1987	0.47	0.33
1988	0.47	0.34
1989	0.47	0.35
1990	0.45	0.32
1991	0.42	0.29
1992	0.41	0.27
1993	0.42	0.28
1994	0.43	0.33
1995	0.45	0.32
1996	0.45	0.31
1997	0.44	0.31
1998	0.45	0.33
1999	0.45	0.32
2000	0.44	0.32
2001	0.47	0.29
2002	0.42	0.26
2003	0.36	0.25
2004	0.36	0.24
2005	0.38	0.24
2006	0.40	0.25
2007	0.34	0.23
2008	0.33	0.20
2009	0.29	0.16
2010	0.29	0.15

Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Notes: See notes to figure 4. All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata.

Return to Figure 9d

Figure 10: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds annual average

year	idle	employed and in school	employed only	in school only
1985	0.14	0.23	0.12	0.51
1986	0.14	0.24	0.11	0.50
1987	0.13	0.25	0.12	0.51
1988	0.14	0.25	0.12	0.49
1989	0.13	0.26	0.12	0.49
1990	0.13	0.24	0.11	0.52
1991	0.14	0.22	0.10	0.53
1992	0.14	0.21	0.10	0.55
1993	0.13	0.22	0.10	0.55
1994	0.13	0.25	0.10	0.52
1995	0.10	0.27	0.08	0.56
1996	0.11	0.25	0.09	0.55
1997	0.11	0.25	0.09	0.55
1998	0.10	0.27	0.08	0.55
1999	0.10	0.26	0.08	0.56
2000	0.10	0.26	0.08	0.55
2001	0.09	0.24	0.08	0.59
2002	0.09	0.22	0.07	0.62
2003	0.10	0.21	0.06	0.63
2004	0.10	0.20	0.05	0.65
2005	0.09	0.20	0.06	0.64
2006	0.09	0.21	0.06	0.64
2007	0.09	0.20	0.05	0.66
2008	0.09	0.17	0.04	0.69
2009	0.10	0.14	0.04	0.72
2010	0.08	0.13	0.03	0.76

Notes: All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata.

Return to Figure 10

Figure 11: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds school year months

year	idle	employed and in school	employed only	in school only
1985	0.05	0.28	0.03	0.64
1986	0.05	0.30	0.03	0.62
1987	0.05	0.30	0.03	0.62
1988	0.05	0.31	0.03	0.61
1989	0.05	0.32	0.03	0.60
1990	0.04	0.29	0.03	0.63
1991	0.05	0.27	0.02	0.66
1992	0.04	0.26	0.02	0.68
1993	0.04	0.27	0.02	0.67
1994	0.04	0.31	0.02	0.64
1995	0.04	0.30	0.02	0.64
1996	0.04	0.29	0.03	0.64
1997	0.04	0.29	0.02	0.64
1998	0.04	0.31	0.02	0.64
1999	0.04	0.30	0.02	0.64
2000	0.04	0.30	0.03	0.64
2001	0.03	0.27	0.03	0.67
2002	0.03	0.24	0.02	0.70
2003	0.03	0.24	0.01	0.71
2004	0.04	0.22	0.02	0.72
2005	0.03	0.23	0.02	0.72
2006	0.03	0.23	0.02	0.72
2007	0.04	0.21	0.02	0.73
2008	0.03	0.19	0.01	0.76
2009	0.04	0.15	0.02	0.79
2010	0.03	0.14	0.01	0.82

Notes: All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. School year months are January-April and October-December.

Return to Figure 11

Figure 12: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds summer months

year	idle	employed and in school	employed only	in school only
1985	0.43	0.06	0.38	0.13
1986	0.42	0.07	0.36	0.14
1987	0.38	0.08	0.37	0.16
1988	0.41	0.07	0.39	0.13
1989	0.40	0.07	0.39	0.14
1990	0.40	0.09	0.34	0.17
1991	0.43	0.07	0.34	0.16
1992	0.44	0.06	0.33	0.17
1993	0.41	0.08	0.33	0.19
1994	0.38	0.11	0.32	0.20
1995	0.35	0.10	0.33	0.22
1996	0.31	0.13	0.28	0.28
1997	0.32	0.12	0.28	0.28
1998	0.29	0.15	0.27	0.29
1999	0.28	0.14	0.26	0.32
2000	0.30	0.15	0.25	0.29
2001	0.26	0.15	0.23	0.36
2002	0.27	0.15	0.20	0.38
2003	0.29	0.13	0.18	0.40
2004	0.28	0.14	0.16	0.42
2005	0.29	0.12	0.19	0.40
2006	0.27	0.13	0.19	0.41
2007	0.26	0.14	0.14	0.46
2008	0.27	0.12	0.14	0.48
2009	0.27	0.10	0.11	0.51
2010	0.24	0.10	0.10	0.56

Notes: All statistics are for 16-17 year olds and calculated from CPS Monthly Outgoing Rotation Group microdata. Summer months are June-August.

Return to Figure 12

Figure 13: Time use of 15-17 year olds school-year months

year	work-related	Playing games / using computer	Watching TV	homework / extracurricular activities
2003	0.63	0.84	2.37	0.92
2004	0.74	0.86	2.12	0.86
2005	0.67	0.81	1.94	0.80
2006	0.59	0.80	1.99	0.88
2007	0.58	0.93	2.00	0.80
2008	0.76	1.03	1.86	0.78
2009	0.45	0.96	2.16	1.12

Notes: Statistics are calculated from American Time Use Survey microdata. School-year months are January-April and October-December. Estiamtes include both weekend and non-weekend days.

Return to Figure 13

Figure 14: Time use of 15-17 year olds summer months

year	work-related	Playing games / using computer	Watching TV	homework / extracurricular activities
2003	1.51	0.81	2.48	0.39
2004	0.74	1.61	2.69	0.16
2005	1.31	1.00	2.77	0.22
2006	1.37	0.70	2.55	0.37
2007	1.61	1.01	2.48	0.27
2008	1.38	0.86	2.49	0.33
2009	0.99	1.33	2.67	0.22

Notes: Statistics are calculated from American Time Use Survey microdata. Summer months are June July and August. Estimates include both weekend and non-weekend days.

Return to Figure 14

Figure 15: Reported school enrollment for 16-17 year olds school-year months

year	CPS enrollment	SIPP enrollment	ATUS enrollment	Fraction of ATUS with any time spend on ed. activities
1996	0.93	0.91
1997	0.93	0.93
1998	0.94	0.92
1999	0.94	0.93
2000	0.94	0.92
2001	0.94	0.93
2002	0.94	0.92
2003	0.95	0.93		0.77
2004	0.94	0.93		0.79
2005	0.95	0.95	0.93	0.82
2006	0.95	0.95	0.93	0.79
2007	0.95	0.95	0.94	0.77
2008	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.77
2009	0.95	0.94	0.93	0.81
2010	0.96	0.94

Return to Figure 15

Figure 16: Reported school enrollment for 16-17 year olds summer months

year	CPS enrollment	SIPP enrollment	ATUS enrollment	Fraction of ATUS with any time spend on ed. activities
1996	0.41			0.45
1997	0.40			0.47
1998	0.44			0.47
1999	0.46			0.48
2000	0.44
2001	0.51			0.49
2002	0.53			0.49
2003	0.53	0.22		0.50
2004	0.56	0.22		0.51
2005	0.52	0.19	0.43	0.50
2006	0.54	0.28	0.38	0.48
2007	0.60	0.30	0.45	0.51
2008	0.59	0.29	0.45	0.50
2009	0.62	0.17	0.39	0.57
2010	0.66			0.56

Notes: Statistics are calculated from American Time Use Survey microdata. School-year months are January-April and October-December. Summer months are June-August. CPS enrollment is calculated from CPS monthly outgoing rotation group microdata. SIPP enrollment is calculated from microdata from all waves of the 1996 2001 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels. ATUS enrollment is reported school enrollment at the time of the ATUS survey. The green hashed line is the fraction of respondents who reported spending any positive time on educational activities (sample limited to surveys for which the reference day is Monday-Friday).

Return to Figure 16

Figure 17: Fraction of teachers who are working as teachers in July

year	Fraction of school teachers with a job who are at work July	Fraction of 16-17 year olds in school July
1985	0.32	0.11
1986	0.34	0.12
1987	0.31	0.13
1988	0.29	0.13
1989	0.34	0.14
1990	0.33	0.17
1991	0.31	0.15
1992	0.36	0.13
1993	0.38	0.14
1994	0.43	0.21
1995	0.50
1996	0.49	0.25
1997	0.45	0.26
1998	0.50	0.28
1999	0.50	0.31
2000	0.52	0.31
2001	0.51	0.36
2002	0.53	0.39
2003	0.49	0.38
2004	0.46	0.43
2005	0.48	0.41
2006	0.50	0.43
2007	0.45	0.46
2008	0.44	0.48
2009	0.45	0.51
2010	0.52	0.53

Notes: Statistics are calculated from CPS monthly outgoing rotation group microdata.

Return to Figure 17

Figure 18: Average hours spent on games per day males age 21-30

year	not employed	employed
2003	0.43	0.26
2004	0.63	0.29
2005	0.35	0.30
2006	0.26	0.20
2007	0.30	0.22
2008	0.51	0.31
2009	0.40	0.39

Notes: Statistics are calculated from American Time Use Survey microdata.

Return to Figure 18

Polarization, immigration, education: What's behind the dramatic decline in youth employment?

Figure 1: Employment-to-population rates by age

Figure 2: Ratio of youth to adult employment-population rates

Figure 3: Labor force participation and unemployment rate (16-17)

Figure 4a: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in the summer

Figure 4b: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of 19-21 attending college (school year)

Figure 4c: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of the adult (21+) population that is immigrant

Figure 4d: Potential labor demand and labor supply explanations for declining youth employment: Fraction of employed adults (21+ w/o college) in teen jobs

Figure 5: Changes in the employment share of an occupation by 1985 wage levels

Figure 6: CDFs of employment share (2008-2010 average)

Figure 7a: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of 16-17 year olds enrolled in the summer

Figure 7b: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of 19-21 attending college (school year)

Figure 7c: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of the adult (21+ w/o col.) population that is immigrant

Figure 7d: Relationship between changes in teen employment rates and changes in labor supply and demand measures: Fraction of native employed adults (21+ w/o college) in teen jobs

Figure 8: Counterfactual employment-population rates

Figure 9a: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By gender

Figure 9b: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By race

Figure 9c: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By parental education

Figure 9d: Trends in employment of 16-17 year olds (annual averages): By school enrollment status

Figure 10: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds annual average

Figure 11: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds school year months

Figure 12: Enrollment and employment rates for 16-17 year olds summer months

Figure 13: Time use of 15-17 year olds school-year months

Figure 14: Time use of 15-17 year olds summer months

Figure 15: Reported school enrollment for 16-17 year olds school-year months

Figure 16: Reported school enrollment for 16-17 year olds summer months

Figure 17: Fraction of teachers who are working as teachers in July

Figure 18: Average hours spent on games per day males age 21-30