Date: Monthly observation date, end of period Issuance, IPO: IPO (initial public offering) issuance includes new equity issuance by companies that were not previously publicly traded. The offering prices of these securities are determined prior to the listing. Data are reported in billions of dollars at a monthly rate. Issuance, SEO: SEO (seasoned equity offering) issuance includes new equity issuance by existing publicly traded companies. Data are reported in billions of dollars at a monthly rate.