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Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
October 2006

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Table 1 |Table 2 | Chart data
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Table 1

Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
at Selected Large Banks in the United States 1

(Status of policy as of October 2006)

Questions 1-6 ask about commercial and industrial (C&I) loans at your bank. Questions 1-3 deal with changes in your bank's lending policies over the past three months. Questions 4-5 deal with changes in demand for C&I loans over the past three months. Question 6 asks about changes in prospective demand for C&I loans at your bank, as indicated by the volume of recent inquiries about the availability of new credit lines or increases in existing lines. If your bank's lending policies have not changed over the past three months, please report them as unchanged even if the policies are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's policies have tightened or eased over the past three months, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing policies as changes in policies.

1. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for C&I loans or credit lines--other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions--to large and middle-market firms and to small firms changed? (If your bank defines firm size differently from the categories suggested below, please use your definitions and indicate what they are.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 4 7.4 1 2.8 3 16.7
Remained basically unchanged 46 85.2 32 88.9 14 77.8
Eased somewhat 4 7.4 3 8.3 1 5.6
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 54 100.0 36 100.0 18 100.0

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 1 1.9 0 0.0 1 5.3
Remained basically unchanged 51 94.4 34 97.1 17 89.5
Eased somewhat 2 3.7 1 2.9 1 5.3
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 54 100.0 35 100.0 19 100.0

2. For applications for C&I loans or credit lines--other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions--from large and middle-market firms and from small firms that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the terms of those loans changed over the past three months? (Please assign each term a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Maximum size of credit lines 3.07 3.14 2.95
Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines 3.06 3.00 3.16
Costs of credit lines 3.15 3.23 3.00
Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened; narrower spreads=eased) 3.30 3.31 3.26
Premiums charged on riskier loans 3.02 3.09 2.89
Loan covenants 3.13 3.23 2.95
Collateralization requirements 3.06 3.11 2.95
Other (please specify) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 54 35 19

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Maximum size of credit lines 3.07 3.14 2.95
Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines 3.07 3.03 3.16
Costs of credit lines 3.17 3.23 3.05
Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened; narrower spreads=eased) 3.31 3.34 3.26
Premiums charged on riskier loans 3.00 3.00 3.00
Loan covenants 3.02 3.06 2.95
Collateralization requirements 3.04 3.09 2.95
Other (please specify) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 54 35 19

3. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months (as described in questions 1 and 2), how important have been the following possible reasons for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate and rate each possible reason using the following scale: 1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=very important.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Deterioration in your bank's current or expected capital position 1.15 1.22 1.00
Less favorable or more uncertain economic outlook 1.85 1.78 2.00
Worsening of industry-specific problems (please specify industries) 1.62 1.67 1.50
Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets) 1.31 1.11 1.75
Reduced tolerance for risk 1.62 1.44 2.00
Decreased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans 1.15 1.11 1.25
Increase in defaults by borrowers in public debt markets 1.08 1.11 1.00
Other (please specify) 2.00 2.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 13 9 4

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Improvement in your bank's current or expected capital position 1.04 1.06 1.00
More favorable or less uncertain economic outlook 1.24 1.28 1.14
Improvement in industry-specific problems (please specify industries) 1.04 1.06 1.00
More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets) 2.76 2.72 2.86
Increased tolerance for risk 1.20 1.28 1.00
Increased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans 1.32 1.44 1.00
Reduction in defaults by borrowers in public debt markets 1.20 1.28 1.00
Other (please specify) 2.00 0.00 2.00
Number of banks responding 26 18 8

4. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for C&I loans changed over the past three months? (Please consider only funds actually disbursed as opposed to requests for new or increased lines of credit.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Substantially stronger 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Moderately stronger 8 14.5 6 16.7 2 10.5
About the same 37 67.3 22 61.1 15 78.9
Moderately weaker 9 16.4 7 19.4 2 10.5
Substantially weaker 1 1.8 1 2.8 0 0.0
Total 55 100.0 36 100.0 19 100.0
 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Substantially stronger 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Moderately stronger 6 11.1 4 11.4 2 10.5
About the same 35 64.8 21 60.0 14 73.7
Moderately weaker 13 24.1 10 28.6 3 15.8
Substantially weaker 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 54 100.0 35 100.0 19 100.0

5. If demand for C&I loans has strengthened or weakened over the past three months (as described in question 4), how important have been the following possible reasons for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate and rate each possible reason using the following scale: 1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=very important.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Customer inventory financing needs increased 1.67 1.67 1.67
Customer accounts receivable financing needs increased 1.58 1.56 1.67
Customer investment in plant or equipment increased 1.58 1.44 2.00
Customer internally generated funds decreased 1.00 1.00 1.00
Customer merger or acquisition financing needs increased 1.83 1.67 2.33
Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from other bank or nonbank sources because these other sources became less attractive 1.42 1.44 1.33
Other (please specify) 2.00 2.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 12 9 3
 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Customer inventory financing needs decreased 1.80 1.83 1.67
Customer accounts receivable financing needs decreased 1.73 1.75 1.67
Customer investment in plant or equipment decreased 2.07 2.08 2.00
Customer internally generated funds increased 1.73 1.67 2.00
Customer merger or acquisition financing needs decreased 1.47 1.58 1.00
Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to other bank or nonbank credit sources because these other sources became more attractive 1.53 1.33 2.33
Other (please specify) 3.00 3.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 15 12 3

6. At your bank, how has the number of inquiries from potential business borrowers regarding the availability and terms of new credit lines or increases in existing lines changed over the past three months? (Please consider only inquiries for additional C&I lines as opposed to the refinancing of existing loans.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
The number of inquiries has increased substantially 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
The number of inquiries has increased moderately 6 10.9 4 11.1 2 10.5
The number of inquiries has stayed about the same 37 67.3 23 63.9 14 73.7
The number of inquiries has decreased moderately 12 21.8 9 25.0 3 15.8
The number of inquiries has decreased substantially 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 55 100.0 36 100.0 19 100.0

Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity in the nonfinancial sector has boomed since 2005. Over the same period, C&I loans on banks' books have also expanded rapidly. Questions 7-16 ask about the extent to which the recent strength in C&I lending reflects the surge in M&A activity.

7. About what share of the dollar volume of C&I loans currently on your bank's books was originated for M&A-related purposes? (M&A-related C&I loans include those made to finance leveraged buyouts and other M&A activity.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Less than 5 percent 27 50.9 14 41.2 13 68.4
Between 5 percent and 10 percent 17 32.1 12 35.3 5 26.3
Between 11 percent and 20 percent 5 9.4 4 11.8 1 5.3
Between 21 percent and 30 percent 3 5.7 3 8.8 0 0.0
Between 31 percent and 40 percent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
More than 40 percent 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Total 53 100.0 34 100.0 19 100.0

8. How has the share of M&A-related C&I loans on your bank's books (as reported in question 7) changed over the past twelve months?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Increased substantially 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Increased moderately 26 49.1 20 58.8 6 31.6
Remained basically unchanged 24 45.3 12 35.3 12 63.2
Decreased moderately 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Decreased substantially 1 1.9 0 0.0 1 5.3
Total 53 100.0 34 100.0 19 100.0

9. If your bank has experienced an increase in the share of M&A-related C&I loans over the past twelve months (as reported in question 8), to what extent has the increase reflected a shift of funding for M&A activity to banks as a result of a reduction in the relative attractiveness of bond finance?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
To a substantial extent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
To a moderate extent 10 35.7 9 42.9 1 14.3
To an insignificant extent or not at all 18 64.3 12 57.1 6 85.7
Total 28 100.0 21 100.0 7 100.0

10. If demand for C&I loans at your bank has been strengthened by a shift of M&A financing out of the bond market (as described in question 9), how important have been the following possible reasons? (Please rate each possible reason using the following scale: 1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=very important.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Relatively more favorable pricing in the loan market 1.70 1.67 2.00
Relatively more favorable nonprice terms (including the maximum size and maturity of loans or credit lines, loan covenants, and collateralization requirements) in the loan market 1.90 1.89 2.00
Other (please specify) 2.25 2.25 0.00
Number of banks responding 10 9 1

11. About what share of the dollar volume of M&A-related C&I loans currently on your bank's books was used to finance leveraged buyouts?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Less than or equal to 10 percent 40 76.9 24 70.6 16 88.9
Between 11 percent and 20 percent 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Between 21 percent and 30 percent 3 5.8 3 8.8 0 0.0
Between 31 percent and 50 percent 2 3.8 2 5.9 0 0.0
Between 51 percent and 75 percent 6 11.5 4 11.8 2 11.1
More than 75 percent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 52 100.0 34 100.0 18 100.0

12. About what share of the dollar volume of M&A-related C&I loans currently on your bank's books is accounted for by ``bridge loans'' that your bank expects to be paid down with funds raised in capital markets within the next twelve months?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Less than or equal to 10 percent 49 90.7 30 85.7 19 100.0
Between 11 percent and 20 percent 3 5.6 3 8.6 0 0.0
Between 21 percent and 30 percent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Between 31 percent and 50 percent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Between 51 percent and 75 percent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
More than 75 percent 2 3.7 2 5.7 0 0.0
Total 54 100.0 35 100.0 19 100.0

13. How have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for M&A-related C&I loans or credit lines changed over the past twelve months?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 9 17.3 6 17.1 3 17.6
Remained basically unchanged 39 75.0 26 74.3 13 76.5
Eased somewhat 3 5.8 2 5.7 1 5.9
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 52 100.0 35 100.0 17 100.0

14. For applications for M&A-related C&I loans or credit lines that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the terms of those loans changed over the past twelve months? (Please assign each term a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Maximum size of loans or credit lines 3.02 3.09 2.88
Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines 3.12 3.06 3.24
Costs of credit lines 3.13 3.14 3.12
Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened; narrower spreads=eased) 3.29 3.34 3.18
Premiums charged on riskier loans 3.06 3.09 3.00
Loan covenants 3.08 3.11 3.00
Collateralization requirements 3.06 3.06 3.06
Other (please specify) 3.00 3.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 52 35 17

15. What is your bank's outlook over the next twelve months for delinquencies and chargeoffs on M&A-related C&I loans currently on your bank's books, assuming that economic activity progresses in line with consensus forecasts?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Loan quality is likely to improve substantially 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Loan quality is likely to improve somewhat 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Loan quality is likely to stabilize around current levels 38 73.1 23 65.7 15 88.2
Loan quality is likely to deteriorate somewhat 13 25.0 11 31.4 2 11.8
Loan quality is likely to deteriorate substantially 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Total 52 100.0 35 100.0 17 100.0

16. What is your bank's outlook over the next twelve months for delinquencies and chargeoffs on C&I loans currently on your bank's books that were not used to finance M&A activity , assuming that economic activity progresses in line with consensus forecasts?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Loan quality is likely to improve substantially 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Loan quality is likely to improve somewhat 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Loan quality is likely to stabilize around current levels 32 61.5 20 57.1 12 70.6
Loan quality is likely to deteriorate somewhat 19 36.5 14 40.0 5 29.4
Loan quality is likely to deteriorate substantially 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 52 100.0 35 100.0 17 100.0

Questions 17-18 ask about commercial real estate loans at your bank, including construction and land development loans and loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential real estate. Question 17 deals with changes in your bank's standards over the last three months. Question 18 deals with changes in demand. If your bank's lending standards or terms have not changed over the relevant period, please report them as unchanged even if they are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's standards or terms have tightened or eased over the relevant period, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing standards as changes in standards.

17. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for commercial real estate loans changed?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 1 1.8 0 0.0 1 5.3
Tightened somewhat 22 40.0 15 41.7 7 36.8
Remained basically unchanged 29 52.7 19 52.8 10 52.6
Eased somewhat 3 5.5 2 5.6 1 5.3
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 55 100.0 36 100.0 19 100.0

18. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for commercial real estate loans changed over the past three months?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Substantially stronger 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Moderately stronger 3 5.5 2 5.6 1 5.3
About the same 34 61.8 23 63.9 11 57.9
Moderately weaker 17 30.9 11 30.6 6 31.6
Substantially weaker 1 1.8 0 0.0 1 5.3
Total 55 100.0 36 100.0 19 100.0

Questions 19-20 ask about residential mortgage loans at your bank. Question 19 deals with changes in your bank's credit standards over the past three months, and question 20 deals with changes in demand over the same period. If your bank's credit standards have not changed over the relevant period, please report them as unchanged even if the standards are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's credit standards have tightened or eased over the relevant period, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing standards as changes in standards.

19. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications from individuals for mortgage loans to purchase homes changed?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 3 5.7 3 8.3 0 0.0
Remained basically unchanged 48 90.6 31 86.1 17 100.0
Eased somewhat 2 3.8 2 5.6 0 0.0
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 53 100.0 36 100.0 17 100.0

20. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand from individuals for mortgages to purchase homes changed over the past three months? (Please consider only new originations as opposed to the refinancing of existing mortgages.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Substantially stronger 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Moderately stronger 1 1.9 1 2.8 0 0.0
About the same 19 35.8 10 27.8 9 52.9
Moderately weaker 30 56.6 22 61.1 8 47.1
Substantially weaker 3 5.7 3 8.3 0 0.0
Total 53 100.0 36 100.0 17 100.0

Questions 21-26 ask about consumer lending at your bank. Question 21 deals with changes in your bank's willingness to make consumer loans over the past three months. Questions 22-25 deal with changes in credit standards and loan terms over the same period. Question 26 deals with changes in demand for consumer loans over the past three months. If your bank's lending policies have not changed over the past three months, please report them as unchanged even if the policies are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's policies have tightened or eased over the past three months, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing policies as changes in policies.

21. Please indicate your bank's willingness to make consumer installment loans now as opposed to three months ago.

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Much more willing 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Somewhat more willing 2 3.8 2 5.9 0 0.0
About unchanged 50 94.3 31 91.2 19 100.0
Somewhat less willing 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
Much less willing 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 53 100.0 34 100.0 19 100.0

22. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for credit cards from individuals or households changed?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 1 2.9 1 5.6 0 0.0
Remained basically unchanged 31 91.2 15 83.3 16 100.0
Eased somewhat 2 5.9 2 11.1 0 0.0
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 34 100.0 18 100.0 16 100.0

23. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for consumer loans other than credit card loans changed?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Tightened considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Tightened somewhat 1 2.0 1 3.0 0 0.0
Remained basically unchanged 46 90.2 28 84.8 18 100.0
Eased somewhat 4 7.8 4 12.1 0 0.0
Eased considerably 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 51 100.0 33 100.0 18 100.0

24. Over the past three months, how has your bank changed the following terms and conditions on new or existing credit card accounts for individuals or households? (Please assign each term a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Credit limits 3.10 3.16 3.00
Spreads of interest rates charged on outstanding balances over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened; narrower spreads=eased) 3.03 3.00 3.08
Minimum percent of outstanding balances required to be repaid each month 2.97 2.95 3.00
Minimum required credit score (increased score=tightened; reduced score=eased) 3.00 3.00 3.00
The extent to which loans are granted to some customers that do not meet credit scoring thresholds (decreased=tightened; increased=eased) 2.97 2.95 3.00
Other (please specify) 3.00 3.00 0.00
Number of banks responding 31 19 12

25. Over the past three months, how has your bank changed the following terms and conditions on consumer loans other than credit card loans? (Please assign each term a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
MeanMeanMean
Maximum maturity 3.09 3.06 3.16
Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened; narrower spreads=eased) 2.98 3.03 2.89
Minimum required downpayment 3.04 3.06 3.00
Minimum required credit score (increased score=tightened; reduced score=eased) 3.06 3.06 3.05
The extent to which loans are granted to some customers that do not meet credit scoring thresholds (decreased=tightened; increased=eased) 3.00 3.00 3.00
Other (please specify) 3.33 3.00 4.00
Number of banks responding 53 34 19

26. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for consumer loans of all types changed over the past three months?

 All RespondentsLarge BanksOther Banks
BanksPercentBanksPercentBanksPercent
Substantially stronger 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Moderately stronger 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
About the same 28 52.8 16 47.1 12 63.2
Moderately weaker 24 45.3 17 50.0 7 36.8
Substantially weaker 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 53 100.0 34 100.0 19 100.0

1. The sample is selected from among the largest banks in each Federal Reserve District. In the table, large banks are defined as those with total domestic assets of $20 billion or more as of June 30, 2006. The combined assets of the 36 large banks totaled $4.88 trillion, compared to $5.08 trillion for the entire panel of 55 banks, and $8.24 trillion for all domestically chartered, federally insured commercial banks.

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