Recent Developments in Household Net worth and Domestic Financial Debt

The net worth of households and nonprofits rose to $141.7 trillion during the second quarter of 2021. The value of directly and indirectly held corporate equities increased $3.5 trillion and the value of real estate increased $1.2 trillion.

Domestic nonfinancial debt outstanding was $63.3 trillion at the end of the second quarter of 2021, of which household debt was $17.3 trillion, nonfinancial business debt was $18.0 trillion, and total government debt was $28.0 trillion.

Domestic nonfinancial debt expanded 6.4 percent at an annual rate in the second quarter of 2021, down from an annual rate of 6.7 percent in the previous quarter.

Household debt increased 7.9 percent at an annual rate in the second quarter of 2021. Consumer credit grew at an annual rate of 8.6 percent, while mortgage debt (excluding charge-offs) grew at an annual rate of 8 percent.

Nonfinancial business debt rose at an annual rate of 1.4 percent in the second quarter of 2021, down from a 4.3 percent annual rate in the previous quarter.

Federal government debt increased 9.6 percent at an annual rate in the second quarter of 2021, up from a 9 percent annual rate in the previous quarter.

State and local government debt expanded at an annual rate of 3.1 percent in the second quarter of 2021, after expanding at an annual rate of 3.5 percent in the previous quarter.


Household Net Worth and Growth of Nonfinancial Debt
Year Household Net Worth1 Growth of domestic nonfinancial debt; Total 2 Growth of domestic nonfinancial debt; Households Growth of domestic nonfinancial debt; Businesses Growth of domestic nonfinancial debt; Federal government Growth of domestic nonfinancial debt; State and local gov'ts
2011 66,931 3.6 0.1 2.4 10.8 -1.0
2012 71,901 4.7 0.5 5.6 10.1 -0.3
2013 80,611 4.2 2.3 4.9 6.7 -0.2
2014 86,614 3.8 1.2 6.8 5.4 -2.5
2015 89,639 4.4 2.3 7.0 5.0 0.4
2016 94,744 4.4 3.1 5.1 5.6 1.0
2017 103,473 4.2 3.9 6.1 3.7 -0.0
2018 104,345 4.7 3.1 4.4 7.6 -1.3
2019 116,832 4.7 3.3 4.9 6.6 -0.1
2020 130,688 12.4 3.8 8.9 24.1 2.9
2019:Q2 112,473 3.5 4.2 4.2 3.1 -1.7
2019:Q3 113,176 5.8 3.2 5.9 8.9 0.8
2019:Q4 116,832 3.3 3.5 2.2 4.2 3.0
2020:Q1 110,573 11.7 3.6 18.9 14.1 0.9
2020:Q2 118,491 26.8 -0.1 15.2 62.5 3.5
2020:Q3 122,749 4.1 5.6 0.1 6.0 5.5
2020:Q4 130,688 5.1 6.1 0.5 8.4 1.6
2021:Q1 135,818 6.7 6.7 4.3 9.0 3.5
2021:Q2 141,668 6.4 7.9 1.4 9.6 3.1
  1. Shown on table B.101, which includes nonprofit organizations. Billions of dollars; amounts outstanding end of period, not seasonally adjusted. Return to table
  2. Percentage changes calculated as transactions at a seasonally adjusted annual rate divided by previous quarter's seasonally adjusted level, shown at an annual rate. Return to table

Release Highlights Second Quarter 2021

Topic Description
Derivation of U.S. Net Wealth Derivation of U.S. Net Wealth (table B.1) has been revised to reflect improved estimates for domestic corporations' nonfinancial assets. Domestic corporations' nonfinancial assets are now estimated as the market value of corporate equity, plus foreign direct investment (equity), plus total liabilities, less total financial assets.
Nonprofit organizations other loans and advances receivable Nonprofit organizations' other loans and advances receivable, previously shown as other notes and loans receivable on supplementary table B.101.n, have been included in the instrument tables other loans and advances (tables F.216 and L.216). Correspondingly, the household sector (table B.101.h), the household and nonprofit organizations sector (tables F.101, L.101, and B.101), and the nonfinancial noncorporate business sector (tables F.104, L.104, and B.104) now include loans from nonprofit organizations.
Security brokers and dealers' debt security short sales Security brokers and dealers sector (tables F.130 and L.130) holdings of debt securities have been revised beginning 2001:Q3 to reflect improved methodology in accounting for short positions in Treasury securities, Agency- and GSE-backed securities, and corporate and foreign bonds
Other financial business investment in security brokers and dealers The other financial business sector (tables F.132 and L.132) has been revised to reflect the transition of investment banks to bank holding companies (tables F.131 and L.131) in 2009:Q1. Previously, investment bank funding of their security broker and dealer subsidiaries (asset) was reflected in the other financial business sector, with corresponding issuance of commercial paper and corporate bonds (liabilities).
Holding company time and savings deposits The holding company sector's (tables F.131 and L.131) cash balances at depository institution affiliates have been reclassified from net transactions with depository affiliates to time and savings deposits to better align with bank Call Report liabilities.
National Income and Product Accounts comprehensive update The statistics in this publication reflect the 2021 annual update of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs) released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on July 29, 2021, as well as information for 2021:Q2 released by BEA on August 26, 2021. See the August 2021 issue of the Survey of Current Business at https://apps.bea.gov/scb/ for details on the 2021 annual update.
Rest of the world sector Rest of the world sector data (tables F.133 and L.133) have been revised beginning 2016:Q1 to reflect new data from BEA for the U.S. international transactions accounts and the U.S. international investment positions accounts. BEA's changes are detailed in the July 2021 issue of the Survey of Current Business.
Fixed assets annual benchmark Investment, depreciation, and capital stock data for all private sectors have been revised beginning in 2016 to reflect updated annual estimates of fixed assets from BEA.
Private pension benchmark Assets of the private pension fund sector (tables F.118, F.118.b, F.118.c, L.118, L.118.b, and L.118.c) have been revised beginning 2019:Q1 to reflect new 2019 plan year data from U.S. Internal Revenue Service/Department of Labor/Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Form 5500.
Seasonal adjustment Seasonal factors for quarterly transactions have been recalculated from 2010:Q1 through 2019:Q4. Seasonal factors are extrapolated beginning 2020:Q1 due to the impact of COVID-19 on seasonal patterns in 2020. Seasonal factors are generated using the X-13-ARIMA seasonal adjustment program from the U.S. Census Bureau.

Explanatory Notes

Financial Accounts of the United States

The Statistical Release Z.1, "Financial Accounts of the United States," or Financial Accounts, is organized into the following sections:

  • Matrices summarizing transactions and levels across sectors and tables on debt growth, net national wealth, gross domestic product (GDP), national income, saving, and so on
  • Transactions of financial assets and liabilities, by sector and by financial instrument
  • Levels of financial assets and liabilities, by sector and by financial instrument
  • Balance sheets, including nonfinancial assets, and changes in net worth for households and nonprofit organizations, nonfinancial corporate businesses, and nonfinancial noncorporate businesses
  • Supplementary balance sheet tables for the household sector, nonprofit organization sector, and the household and nonprofit organization sector with additional equity detail
  • Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts (IMA)

The IMA relate production, income, saving, and capital formation from the Bureau of Economic Analysiss (BEA) national income and product accounts (NIPA) to changes in net worth from the Financial Accounts on a sector-by-sector basis. The IMA are published jointly by the Federal Reserve Board and the BEA and are based on international guidelines and terminology as defined in the System of National Accounts (SNA2008).

Federal Reserve Board staff have taken many steps over the past several years to conform the Financial Accounts with the SNA2008 guidelines. Nonetheless, a few important differences remain. In particular, the following in the Financial Accounts:

  • The purchase of consumer durables is treated as investment rather than as consumption.
  • Nonfinancial noncorporate businesses (which are often small businesses) are shown in a separate sector rather than being included in the household sector.
  • Some debt securities are recorded at book value rather than market value.

Concepts of Levels and Transactions in the SNA and the Financial Accounts

The level of an asset or liability (also referred to as the "stock" or "outstanding") measures the value of the asset or liability in existence at a point in time. In the Financial Accounts, the levels are reported as of the end of each calendar quarter. In the SNA2008, the change in the level from one period to the next is called the economic flow, and can be decomposed into three broad elements: transactions, which measure the exchange of assets; revaluations, which measure holding gains and losses; and other changes in volume, which measure discontinuities or breaks in time series due to disaster losses or a change in source data or definition. In practice, other volume changes are relatively rare, and revaluations occur only for series carried at market value (such as corporate equities and mutual fund shares), so for many series the change in the level is equal to transactions.

Growth Rates

Growth rates calculated from levels include revaluations and other changes in volume. In order to isolate the effect of transactions on growth of a given asset or liability, users should calculate the ratio of transactions in a given period to the level in the preceding period.

Growth rates in table D.1 are calculated by dividing transactions at a seasonally adjusted annual rate from table D.2 by seasonally adjusted levels at the end of the previous period from table D.3. Growth rates calculated from changes in unadjusted levels may differ from those in table D.1.

Seasonal Adjustment

Seasonal factors are recalculated and updated every year, and these revised factors are first published in the September release of second-quarter data. All series that exhibit significant seasonal patterns are adjusted. The seasonal factors are generated using the X-13-ARIMA seasonal adjustment program from the U.S. Census Bureau, estimated using the most recent 10 years of data. Because the effects of the recent financial crisis resulted in large outliers in some series that would have distorted the estimated seasonal factors, seasonal factors for some series were extrapolated using pre-crisis data. Seasonally adjusted levels shown in table D.3 are derived by carrying forward year-end levels by seasonally adjusted transactions.

Data Revisions

Data shown for the most recent quarters are based on preliminary and potentially incomplete information. A summary list of the most recent data available for each sector is provided in a table following these notes. Nonetheless, when source data are revised or estimation methods are improved, all data are subject to revision. There is no specific revision schedule; rather, data are revised on an ongoing basis. In each release of the Financial Accounts, major revisions are highlighted at the beginning of the publication.

Discrepancies

The data in the Financial Accounts come from a large variety of sources and are subject to limitations and uncertainty due to measurement errors, missing information, and incompatibilities among data sources. The size of this uncertainty cannot be quantified, but its existence is acknowledged by the inclusion of "statistical discrepancies" for various sectors and financial instruments.

The discrepancy for a given sector is defined as the difference between the aggregate value of the sectors sources of funds and the value of its uses of funds. Sources of funds are gross savings less net capital transfers paid and net increase in liabilities; uses of funds are capital expenditures and the net acquisition of financial assets. If a sectors sources of funds are greater than its uses of funds, the sector is a net lender of funds in the accounts. In the reverse case, the sector would be a net borrower of funds. Most of the data for deriving gross savings come from the BEA's NIPA. For a financial instrument category, the discrepancy is defined as the difference between the measurement of funds raised through the financial instrument and funds disbursed through that instrument. The relative size of the statistical discrepancy is one indication of the quality of the underlying source data. Note that differences in seasonal adjustment procedures sometimes result in quarterly discrepancies that partially or completely offset each other in the annual data.

Financial Accounts Guide

Substantially more detail on the construction of the Financial Accounts is available in the Financial Accounts Guide, which provides interactive, online documentation for each data series. The tools and descriptions in the guide are designed to help users understand the structure and content of the Financial Accounts.

Each input and calculated series in the Z.1 is identified according to a unique string of patterned numbers and letters. The series structure page of the guide provides a breakdown of what the letters and numbers represent in the series mnemonics. Some data submissions to international organizations are also available in the guide. The guide is updated with the quarterly release and is available online:

www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof

Enhanced Financial Accounts and Data Visualization

Additional supplementary information is available online in the Enhanced Financial Accounts, which augment the Financial Accounts with finer detail, additional types of activities, higher-frequency data, and more-disaggregated data. Links to the Enhanced Financial Accounts are available from both the Financial Accounts Guide page and the main release page. In addition, interactive online data visualizations are available for selected components of the Financial Accounts and Enhanced Financial Accounts. Links are available also on the same pages.

Production Schedule

The Financial Accounts are published four times per year, about 10 weeks following the end of each calendar quarter. The publication is available online:

www.federalreserve.gov/releases/Z1

This website also provides CSV files of quarterly data for transactions at a seasonally adjusted annual rate, unadjusted transactions, outstandings, balance sheets, debt (tables D.1, D.2, and D.3), supplementary tables, and the IMA.

In addition, the data are available as customizable datasets through the Federal Reserve Board's Data Download Program at:

www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/default.htm

Description of Most Recent Data Available

Sector Table Available at time of publication
National income and product accounts (NIPA) (various tables) Second estimate, seasonally adjusted, for 2021:Q2. Corporate profits through 2021:Q2 (preliminary). Government receipts and expenditures unadjusted transactions from 1952:Q1 forward. GDP and income unadjusted transactions from 2002:Q1 forward. Many BEA series are downloaded via Haver Analytics.
Households and nonprofit organizations sector (tables F.101 and L.101) Estimates are largely residual, derived from other sectors' data. Data for consumer credit, which are estimated directly, are available through 2021:Q2. Internal Revenue Service Statistics of Income (IRS/SOI) data for Section 501(c)(3-9) nonprofit organizations are available through 2018; private foundations and Section 4947(a)(1) Nonexempt Charitable Trusts are available through 2017 (table B.101.n). Data on hedge funds from SEC forms PF and ADV through 2021:Q1 (table B.101.f).
Nonfinancial corporate business (tables F.103 and L.103) Quarterly Financial Report (QFR) of the Census Bureau through 2021:Q2; IRS/SOI data through 2019. Securities offerings, mortgages, bank loans, commercial paper, and other loans through 2021:Q2. Corporate farm data through 2019; USDA forecast through 2021:Q2.
Nonfinancial noncorporate business (tables F.104 and L.104) IRS/SOI data through 2018; bank and finance company loans, and mortgage borrowing through 2021:Q2. Noncorporate farm data through 2019; USDA forecast through 2021:Q2.
Federal government (tables F.106 and L.106) Data from the Monthly Treasury Statement of Receipts and Outlays and Monthly Statement of the Public Debt through 2021:Q2. Data on loan programs through 2021:Q2.
State and local governments (tables F.107 and L.107) Gross offerings and retirements of municipal securities, deposits at banks, and nonmarketable U.S. government security issues through 2021:Q2. Data for total financial assets from Census Bureau through 2018:Q2. Additional financial asset detail from comprehensive annual financial reports of state and local governments through 2011:Q2.
Monetary authority (tables F.109 and L.109) All data through 2021:Q2.
U.S.-chartered depository institutions (tables F.111 and L.111) All data through 2021:Q2.
Foreign banking offices in U.S. (tables F.112 and L.112) All data through 2021:Q2.
Banks in U.S.-affiliated areas (tables F.113 and L.113) All data through 2021:Q2.
Credit unions (tables F.114 and L.114) All data through 2021:Q2.
Property-casualty insurance companies (tables F.115 and L.115) All data through 2021:Q2.
Life insurance companies (tables F.116 and L.116) All data through 2021:Q2.
Private pension funds (tables F.118 and L.118) Internal Revenue Service/Department of Labor Form 5500 data through 2019. Investment Company Institute data through 2021:Q1. BEA annual actuarial liability data through 2020:Q4.
Federal government retirement funds (tables F.119 and L.119) Data from the Monthly Treasury Statement of Receipts and Outlays, the Thrift Savings Plan, and the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust through 2021:Q2. BEA annual actuarial liability data through 2020:Q4.
State and local government employee retirement funds (tables F.120 and L.120) Detailed annual survey data through 2020:Q2 and quarterly survey data through 2021:Q1 from the Census Bureau. Investment Company Institute data through 2021:Q1. BEA annual actuarial liability data through 2020:Q4.
Money market funds (tables F.121 and L.121) All data through 2021:Q2.
Mutual funds (tables F.122 and L.122) All data through 2021:Q2.
Closed-end funds (tables F.123 and L.123) All data through 2021:Q2.
Exchange-traded funds (tables F.124 and L.124) All data through 2021:Q2.
Government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) (tables F.125 and L.125) Data for Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, REFCORP, Farmer Mac, FCS, and FHLB through 2021:Q2. FICO was dissolved in 2020:Q2.
Agency- and GSE-backed mortgage pools (tables F.126 and L.126) Data for Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Farmer Mac, and Ginnie Mae through 2021:Q2.
Issuers of asset backed securities (ABS) (tables F.127 and L.127) All data for private mortgage pools, consumer credit, business loans, student loans, consumer leases, and trade credit securitization through 2021:Q2.
Finance companies (tables F.128 and L.128) All data through 2021:Q2.
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) (tables F.129 and L.129) All data through 2021:Q2.
Security brokers and dealers (tables F.130 and L.130) FOCUS and FOGS reports through 2021:Q2.
Holding companies (table F.131 and L.131) All data through 2021:Q2.
Other financial business (tables F.132 and L.132) Estimates are largely residual, derived from other sectors' data.
Rest of the world (tables F.133 and L.133) NIPA estimates, international transaction accounts, depository institutions' Call Reports, and Treasury International Capital System through 2021:Q2. International investment position through 2021:Q1.
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Last Update: September 23, 2021