Accessible Version

The State of AI Competition in Advanced Economies, Accessible Data

Figure 1: Investment in AI-Related Physical and Digital Infrastructure (Index; 1995 = 100)
Year Japan Germany France UK USA
1995-12-31 100 100 100 100 100
1996-12-31 116.7782777 108.0893873 107.2639511 119.3807292 115.0314306
1997-12-31 127.5721149 115.860212 115.7935389 102.6177749 145.1244379
1998-12-31 137.09749 135.0457568 127.9267441 123.2370033 175.7463379
1999-12-31 144.37598 156.713398 140.0878824 122.6027058 219.8772672
2000-12-31 152.1378858 165.6946659 146.846398 138.5590294 249.491519
2001-12-31 169.397214 171.226249 158.8591443 137.2116317 251.2528043
2002-12-31 176.4962039 172.0009668 153.119542 140.0650316 246.0414339
2003-12-31 183.37424 161.0826599 160.7253433 154.5591315 261.7098416
2004-12-31 190.6816768 156.8364142 170.4540456 153.9594209 290.4672356
2005-12-31 195.0630506 180.7134753 177.8569091 163.6257816 317.9469951
2006-12-31 194.1940276 202.8360767 187.368453 174.3158945 351.3812645
2007-12-31 198.847908 223.7371151 197.0635559 186.6730244 389.0733116
2008-12-31 199.7716066 232.5026412 214.6184848 192.5442524 418.0121552
2009-12-31 190.4554009 212.1406921 201.773452 187.6721998 427.0412668
2010-12-31 194.1056854 228.6487384 212.1690487 205.4931836 457.3999776
2011-12-31 188.066297 249.0137181 221.0503394 222.3979867 489.809162
2012-12-31 191.4850773 230.6770999 234.6417831 238.3965345 537.7126188
2013-12-31 199.5398519 236.6006279 238.7057329 260.3915532 570.9932703
2014-12-31 204.2797965 253.0791981 251.2401894 273.6522133 606.4968272
2015-12-31 212.982067 279.5304085 266.8405857 280.3657417 636.4268337
2016-12-31 201.6444967 280.1451811 279.4914583 284.4196714 695.3957829
2017-12-31 204.4220935 287.4535888 311.5307979 297.9164122 775.0180089
2018-12-31 201.5904135 304.1204515 337.7840392 311.7039285 877.4392196
2019-12-31 209.0335605 320.0053484 367.088921 325.5560695 930.6167257
2020-12-31 203.6345145 308.2190458 378.8781129 314.4887158 1013.515015
2021-12-31   325.1209526 412.0422711 317.9616457 1147.21158

Source: EUKLEMS, FRB Staff Calculations.

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Figure 2: Compute Capacity Indicators

LEFT PANEL
2A - Installed Server Base

Country Installed_Servers
USA 99.9
China 14.8
UK 40
Germany 30.4
France 25
Japan 17.6
Canada 30.6
Italy 9.3

RIGHT PANEL
2B - Observed AI Supercomputer Capacity

month_year China France Germany Italy Japan Other UK USA
1/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12/1/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12/1/2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
12/1/2016 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
1/1/2017 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
2/1/2017 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
3/1/2017 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
4/1/2017 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 1.86E+16
5/1/2017 0 0 0 0 0 5.79E+16 0 2.03E+17
6/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.57E+16 1.67E+17 0 2.26E+17
7/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.57E+16 1.67E+17 0 2.26E+17
8/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.57E+16 1.67E+17 0 2.26E+17
9/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.57E+16 1.67E+17 0 2.26E+17
10/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.57E+16 1.67E+17 0 2.98E+18
11/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.32E+17 1.67E+17 0 3.01E+18
12/1/2017 0 0 0 0 2.32E+17 1.67E+17 0 3.01E+18
1/1/2018 0 0 0 5.93E+16 2.32E+17 1.67E+17 0 3.01E+18
2/1/2018 0 0 0 5.93E+16 2.32E+17 1.67E+17 0 3.01E+18
3/1/2018 1.00E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 2.32E+17 1.75E+17 0 3.67E+18
4/1/2018 1.00E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 2.32E+17 1.75E+17 0 3.67E+18
5/1/2018 1.00E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 2.32E+17 1.75E+17 0 3.67E+18
6/1/2018 1.20E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 1.75E+17 0 5.83E+18
7/1/2018 1.28E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 1.75E+17 0 5.83E+18
8/1/2018 1.34E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 1.75E+17 0 5.83E+18
9/1/2018 1.34E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 1.75E+17 0 5.83E+18
10/1/2018 1.34E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 1.75E+17 0 5.83E+18
11/1/2018 2.97E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 4.27E+17 0 6.24E+18
12/1/2018 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 4.27E+17 0 6.24E+18
1/1/2019 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 4.27E+17 0 6.24E+18
2/1/2019 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 4.27E+17 0 6.24E+18
3/1/2019 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.28E+17 4.27E+17 0 6.24E+18
4/1/2019 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.68E+17 5.13E+17 0 6.24E+18
5/1/2019 2.98E+18 0 0 5.93E+16 8.68E+17 6.39E+17 0 6.24E+18
6/1/2019 3.40E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.07E+18 9.03E+17 0 6.24E+18
7/1/2019 4.22E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 9.03E+17 0 6.37E+18
8/1/2019 4.22E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 9.03E+17 0 6.44E+18
9/1/2019 4.22E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 1.01E+18 0 6.61E+18
10/1/2019 4.22E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 1.12E+18 0 6.61E+18
11/1/2019 6.68E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 1.64E+18 0 6.82E+18
12/1/2019 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 1.64E+18 0 7.27E+18
1/1/2020 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 5.93E+16 1.20E+18 1.84E+18 0 7.27E+18
2/1/2020 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 9.69E+17 1.20E+18 1.84E+18 0 7.27E+18
3/1/2020 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 9.69E+17 1.20E+18 1.97E+18 0 7.27E+18
4/1/2020 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 1.46E+18 1.20E+18 2.03E+18 0 8.71E+18
5/1/2020 7.38E+18 5.54E+17 0 1.46E+18 1.20E+18 2.03E+18 0 9.64E+18
6/1/2020 8.67E+18 8.91E+17 0 1.46E+18 1.20E+18 2.36E+18 0 1.05E+19
7/1/2020 9.67E+18 8.91E+17 5.60E+16 1.46E+18 1.31E+18 2.36E+18 0 1.10E+19
8/1/2020 9.67E+18 8.91E+17 5.60E+16 1.46E+18 1.31E+18 2.36E+18 0 1.14E+19
9/1/2020 1.13E+19 8.91E+17 5.60E+16 1.46E+18 1.31E+18 2.36E+18 0 1.16E+19
10/1/2020 1.13E+19 8.91E+17 5.60E+16 1.46E+18 1.31E+18 2.83E+18 0 1.16E+19
11/1/2020 1.26E+19 9.50E+17 1.22E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 2.94E+18 6.30E+16 1.42E+19
12/1/2020 1.26E+19 9.50E+17 1.22E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 2.94E+18 6.30E+16 1.42E+19
1/1/2021 1.26E+19 9.50E+17 1.22E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 4.05E+18 6.30E+16 1.46E+19
2/1/2021 1.26E+19 9.50E+17 1.31E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 4.24E+18 6.30E+16 1.46E+19
3/1/2021 1.86E+19 9.50E+17 1.31E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 4.52E+18 6.30E+16 1.46E+19
4/1/2021 2.26E+19 9.50E+17 1.31E+18 1.56E+18 1.44E+18 4.63E+18 6.30E+16 1.47E+19
5/1/2021 2.27E+19 9.50E+17 1.31E+18 1.56E+18 2.39E+18 4.81E+18 6.30E+16 1.81E+19
6/1/2021 2.27E+19 1.01E+18 2.02E+18 1.56E+18 2.50E+18 6.28E+18 3.63E+17 2.18E+19
7/1/2021 2.62E+19 1.01E+18 2.02E+18 1.56E+18 2.50E+18 6.28E+18 3.63E+17 2.18E+19
8/1/2021 2.63E+19 1.01E+18 2.02E+18 1.56E+18 2.50E+18 6.28E+18 3.63E+17 2.36E+19
9/1/2021 2.66E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.56E+18 2.50E+18 6.69E+18 3.63E+17 2.36E+19
10/1/2021 2.67E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 6.69E+18 3.63E+17 2.36E+19
11/1/2021 2.67E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 9.07E+18 5.02E+17 2.53E+19
12/1/2021 2.72E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 9.23E+18 5.02E+17 2.62E+19
1/1/2022 2.72E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 1.08E+19 5.02E+17 2.81E+19
2/1/2022 2.72E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 1.08E+19 5.02E+17 2.93E+19
3/1/2022 2.72E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 1.08E+19 5.02E+17 2.93E+19
4/1/2022 2.80E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 1.08E+19 5.02E+17 3.92E+19
5/1/2022 2.85E+19 1.01E+18 2.08E+18 1.98E+18 2.50E+18 1.11E+19 5.02E+17 6.57E+19
6/1/2022 2.85E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 1.98E+18 2.70E+18 1.15E+19 5.02E+17 6.60E+19
7/1/2022 3.05E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 1.98E+18 2.70E+18 1.31E+19 5.02E+17 6.60E+19
8/1/2022 4.35E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 1.98E+18 2.70E+18 1.31E+19 5.02E+17 6.83E+19
9/1/2022 4.37E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 1.98E+18 2.70E+18 1.76E+19 5.02E+17 6.86E+19
10/1/2022 4.38E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 1.98E+18 2.70E+18 1.79E+19 5.02E+17 7.45E+19
11/1/2022 4.58E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 1.90E+19 5.02E+17 7.52E+19
12/1/2022 4.59E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 1.95E+19 5.02E+17 7.52E+19
1/1/2023 4.69E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 1.96E+19 5.02E+17 7.95E+19
2/1/2023 4.69E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 2.06E+19 5.02E+17 7.99E+19
3/1/2023 4.69E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 2.53E+19 5.02E+17 8.38E+19
4/1/2023 4.73E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 2.54E+19 5.02E+17 8.38E+19
5/1/2023 4.78E+19 1.99E+18 2.24E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 2.58E+19 5.02E+17 8.98E+19
6/1/2023 4.86E+19 1.99E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 2.70E+18 2.68E+19 5.02E+17 9.66E+19
7/1/2023 4.89E+19 1.99E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 2.99E+18 2.71E+19 5.02E+17 1.21E+20
8/1/2023 4.98E+19 1.99E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 2.99E+18 2.77E+19 5.02E+17 1.47E+20
9/1/2023 5.40E+19 1.99E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 2.81E+19 5.02E+17 1.57E+20
10/1/2023 5.40E+19 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 2.83E+19 5.02E+17 1.64E+20
11/1/2023 5.40E+19 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 5.32E+19 5.02E+17 2.16E+20
12/1/2023 5.45E+19 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 5.93E+19 5.02E+17 2.48E+20
1/1/2024 6.3496E+19 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 5.93E+19 5.02E+17 2.48E+20
2/1/2024 6.3496E+19 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 5.95E+19 5.02E+17 2.50E+20
3/1/2024 1.29E+20 3.00E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 3.78E+18 6.81E+19 2.53E+18 3.35E+20
4/1/2024 1.29E+20 4.89E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 4.73E+18 8.77E+19 2.53E+18 3.55E+20
5/1/2024 1.37E+20 4.89E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 4.73E+18 1.02E+20 2.53E+18 3.59E+20
6/1/2024 1.76E+20 4.89E+18 2.60E+18 6.30E+18 4.73E+18 1.35E+20 2.53E+18 3.64E+20
7/1/2024 2.16E+20 8.94E+18 2.60E+18 6.54E+18 6.72E+18 1.55E+20 2.53E+18 3.69E+20
8/1/2024 2.31E+20 8.94E+18 2.60E+18 6.54E+18 6.72E+18 1.55E+20 2.53E+18 4.12E+20
9/1/2024 2.39E+20 1.25E+19 2.60E+18 6.54E+18 6.72E+18 1.66E+20 2.53E+18 5.11E+20
10/1/2024 2.71E+20 1.25E+19 2.60E+18 6.54E+18 1.08E+19 1.76E+20 2.53E+18 7.30E+20
11/1/2024 2.97E+20 1.25E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.08E+19 1.79E+20 2.53E+18 9.16E+20
12/1/2024 3.49E+20 1.25E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.08E+19 1.79E+20 2.53E+18 9.19E+20
1/1/2025 3.49E+20 1.66E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.79E+19 1.89E+20 2.53E+18 9.20E+20
2/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.79E+19 1.89E+20 2.53E+18 1.12E+21
3/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.79E+19 1.89E+20 2.53E+18 1.12E+21
4/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.79E+19 1.89E+20 2.53E+18 1.12E+21
5/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.60E+18 1.19E+19 1.79E+19 1.89E+20 2.53E+18 1.12E+21
6/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.59E+19 1.19E+19 2.00E+19 1.89E+20 7.92E+18 1.12E+21
7/1/2025 3.59E+20 1.66E+19 2.59E+19 1.19E+19 2.00E+19 1.89E+20 7.92E+18 1.12E+21

Notes: Right panel represents the sum of observed AI supercomputer capacity, covering an estimated 10-20% of the existing global aggregate. Data for Installed Server Base are 2024. Data for AI Supercomputer Capacity are through July 2025.

Sources: Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, Omdia, Epoch AI.

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Figure 3: Installed Electric Generation Capacity (Gigawatts)
Date USA China EU
2000 768.68 284.43 580.27
2001 813.17 301.36 587.68
2002 853.93 319.04 601.52
2003 909.55 353.29 614.48
2004 933.11 397.08 629.57
2005 951.79 464.37 645.75
2006 966.59 565.5 664.43
2007 977.35 665.87 681.54
2008 998.24 750.4 704.1
2009 1020.88 835.32 732.41
2010 1043.68 922.48 767.89
2011 1059.13 1014.2 807.12
2012 1077.45 1101.05 829.79
2013 1081.92 1212.84 842.22
2014 1096.07 1317.39 849.57
2015 1093.06 1456.77 861.73
2016 1110.92 1567.18 871.24
2017 1128.03 1688.08 879.92
2018 1148.43 1802.63 895.27
2019 1158.47 1921.89 916.67
2020 1175.4 2098.36 933.68
2021 1206.32 2258.2 950.66
2022 1225.86 2437.59 997.73
2023 1255.83 2792.34 1062.39
2024 1293.57 3217.6 1125.64

Source: International Energy Agency.

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Figure 4: Private AI Investment (Cumulative 2013-2024)
Country Total_Investment
United States 470.92
China 119.32
United Kingdom 28.17
Canada 15.31
Germany 13.27
India 11.29
France 11.1
Japan 5.89
Italy 1.38

Source: Stanford 2025 AI Index Report.

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Figure 5: Firm R&D Investment (Percentage of Sales Revenue)

LEFT PANEL
ICT Hardware

Country R&D_Intensity
EU 10.00%
USA 10.40%
China 7.50%
Japan 4.90%

RIGHT PANEL
ICT Software

Country R&D_Intensity
EU 5.70%
USA 15.1%
China 7.30%
Japan 5.90%

Note: The EU R&D Investment Scoreboard covers the largest 2000 global companies in terms of research and development investment. Data are 2023.

Source: 2024 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.

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Figure 6: Select Indicators of AI Diffusion in Labor Markets

LEFT PANEL
6A: Transitions from Non-AI to AI Occupations (Proportion of Total (%))

Country Proportion of Transitions from Non-AI Occupations
Canada 67.1
United States 68.5
France 74.4
Germany 60.3
Italy 57.7
United Kingdom 65.1

RIGHT PANEL
6B: AI Skills Penetration in Manufacturing (Global Average = 1)

Country AI Engineering Skills Penetration Factor
United States 1.94228
Germany 1.34492
France 1.09343
United Kingdom 0.97002
Canada 0.88688
Italy 0.80064

Notes: Data are average over the 2019-2024 period. Panel 6A represents the proportion of total transitions into AI-related occupations that occur from non-AI occupations, largely reflective of upskilling or reskilling. In contrast, transitions from AI-related occupations into other AI-related occupations would be considered churn within AI occupations. Panel 6B represents self-reported use of AI skills in the manufacturing sector, where figures are scaled to the global average.

Source: OECD AI Observatory.

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Figure A1: Compute Capacity (Top500)

LEFT PANEL
Unadjusted Compute (Millions GFlops)

Year USA China Japan UK Germany France Canada
2014-11-01 136.85 52.105 25.027 15.366 25.099 14.12 1.9
2015-11-01 172.58 88.71 38.44 11.6 34.67 12.25 1.9
2016-11-01 227.68 223.57 54.48 27.6 41.51 25.4 0.72
2017-11-01 249.28 298.88 90.87 32.27 43.43 30.82 5.09
2018-11-01 533.21 438.23 109.44 41.73 60.5 43.58 14.03
2019-11-01 531.83 611.06 109.5 32.14 66.89 68.89 16.15
2020-11-01 668.64 566.64 593.7 34.07 131.05 89.83 26.7
2021-11-01 986.47 530.07 628.25 54.93 181.42 117.03 29.61
2022-11-01 2122.79 514.49 624.25 64.07 219.25 174.85 41.21
2023-11-01 3725.85 409.25 669.83 81.71 256.27 173.23 41.21

CENTER PANEL
Population-Adjusted Compute (Gflops per Capita)

Year USA China Japan UK Germany France Canada
2014-11-01 0.429823732 0.037981281 0.196635658 0.237855316 0.309931158 0.212932587 0.053620716
2015-11-01 0.538069905 0.064289131 0.302341495 0.178143021 0.42442696 0.184076906 0.053214584
2016-11-01 0.704735083 0.161097861 0.428719821 0.420657368 0.50407615 0.380672028 0.019938632
2017-11-01 0.766727265 0.214064453 0.715669596 0.488503745 0.525424331 0.460563537 0.139280053
2018-11-01 1.631418854 0.312405543 0.863016615 0.627893229 0.729744036 0.648914116 0.378446411
2019-11-01 1.619803479 0.434070091 0.864703513 0.480876216 0.805001993 1.022378939 0.429310104
2020-11-01 2.016849714 0.401559067 4.702164564 0.507891671 1.575861321 1.328824334 0.702102452
2021-11-01 2.970856917 0.375307995 4.998743133 0.819529148 2.18063164 1.725016966 0.774322838
2022-11-01 6.369553253 0.364324535 4.989011428 0.945110708 2.616411361 2.568867428 1.058320469
2023-11-01 11.12476649 0.290102147 5.379441223 1.195464521 3.077209414 2.536775149 1.027738182

RIGHT PANEL
GDP-Adjusted Compute (Gflop/GDP Ratio)

Year USA China Japan UK Germany France Canada
2014-11-01 7.77197E-06 4.97393E-06 5.11069E-06 5.01385E-06 6.32886E-06 4.93493E-06 1.05219E-06
2015-11-01 9.43317E-06 8.01966E-06 8.64805E-06 3.96187E-06 1.01269E-05 5.01539E-06 1.22068E-06
2016-11-01 1.21075E-05 1.99024E-05 1.0888E-05 1.02636E-05 1.17333E-05 1.02817E-05 4.71206E-07
2017-11-01 1.27105E-05 2.42785E-05 1.84289E-05 1.20404E-05 1.1541E-05 1.19048E-05 3.08622E-06
2018-11-01 2.58132E-05 3.15389E-05 2.17105E-05 1.45333E-05 1.49309E-05 1.56674E-05 8.13178E-06
2019-11-01 2.46904E-05 4.27914E-05 2.13951E-05 1.12716E-05 1.69033E-05 2.53012E-05 9.26178E-06
2020-11-01 3.1312E-05 3.85791E-05 0.000117434 1.26336E-05 3.32602E-05 3.39247E-05 1.61263E-05
2021-11-01 4.16563E-05 2.9745E-05 0.000124786 1.74751E-05 4.17221E-05 3.94514E-05 1.47499E-05
2022-11-01 8.16241E-05 2.87717E-05 0.000146661 2.05745E-05 5.26588E-05 6.2529E-05 1.90656E-05
2023-11-01 0.000134407 2.29983E-05 0.000159313 2.41684E-05 5.66254E-05 5.67626E-05 1.92348E-05

Notes: Top500 data only represents the 500 most advanced commercial supercomputers, with updates occurring every six months. China stopped reporting around 2023, which may lead to overestimation of compute capacity of other economies in the future based on this data. As such, results should be interpreted with caution.

Sources: Top500, World Bank, FRB Staff Calculations.

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Figure C1: Electricity Price and AI Adoption

LEFT PANEL
All Firms

COUNTRY Time Period AI Adoption Rate Electricity Price
Austria 2023 10.79 0.2554
Belgium 2023 13.81 0.195
Bulgaria 2023 3.62 0.1601
Cyprus 2023 4.67 0.1921
Czechia 2023 5.9 0.1962
Germany 2023 11.55 0.1904
Denmark 2023 15.17 0.1325
Euro Area 2023 8.81 0.2032
Estonia 2023 5.19 0.1433
Greece 2023 3.98 0.1627
Spain 2023 9.18 0.1522
Finland 2023 15.1 0.0951
France 2023 5.88 0.2506
Croatia 2023 7.89 0.278
Hungary 2023 3.68 0.2996
Ireland 2023 8.01 0.294
Italy 2023 5.05 0.2031
Lithuania 2023 4.86 0.1741
Luxembourg 2023 14.45 0.2477
Latvia 2023 4.53 0.1685
Malta 2023 13.17 0.1396
Netherlands 2023 13.37 0.1925
Norway 2023 9.17 0.1055
Poland 2023 3.67 0.1404
Portugal 2023 7.86 0.1505
Romania 2023 1.51 0.1632
Sweden 2023 10.37 0.1064
Slovenia 2023 11.37 0.2057
Slovakia 2023 7.04 0.2285
Austria 2024 20.27 0.1955
Belgium 2024 24.71 0.1392
Bulgaria 2024 6.47 0.1119
Cyprus 2024 7.9 0.1824
Czechia 2024 11.26 0.1654
Germany 2024 19.75 0.1976
Denmark 2024 27.58 0.0968
Euro Area 2024 14.39 0.1624
Estonia 2024 13.89 0.1313
Greece 2024 9.81 0.1279
Spain 2024 11.31 0.1217
Finland 2024 24.37 0.0921
France 2024 9.91 0.1555
Croatia 2024 11.76 0.2169
Hungary 2024 7.41 0.2055
Ireland 2024 14.9 0.2543
Italy 2024 8.2 0.1515
Lithuania 2024 8.76 0.1684
Luxembourg 2024 23.73 0.2041
Latvia 2024 8.83 0.1451
Malta 2024 17.3 0.1393
Netherlands 2024 23.06 0.1545
Norway 2024 20.77 0.0791
Poland 2024 5.9 0.1275
Portugal 2024 8.63 0.1068
Romania 2024 3.07 0.1415
Sweden 2024 25.09 0.0937
Slovenia 2024 20.89 0.1574
Slovakia 2024 10.78 0.1615

RIGHT PANEL
Large Firms

COUNTRY Time Period AI Adoption Rate Electricity Price
Austria 2023 35.25 0.2554
Belgium 2023 47.86 0.195
Bulgaria 2023 13.75 0.1601
Cyprus 2023 15.53 0.1921
Czechia 2023 28.34 0.1962
Germany 2023 35.39 0.1904
Denmark 2023 51.43 0.1325
Euro Area 2023 32.33 0.2032
Estonia 2023 23.03 0.1433
Greece 2023 13.96 0.1627
Spain 2023 39.66 0.1522
Finland 2023 53.33 0.0951
France 2023 20.94 0.2506
Croatia 2023 19.29 0.278
Hungary 2023 17.43 0.2996
Ireland 2023 36.29 0.294
Italy 2023 24.08 0.2031
Lithuania 2023 21.33 0.1741
Luxembourg 2023 41.83 0.2477
Latvia 2023 21.26 0.1685
Malta 2023 32.53 0.1396
Netherlands 2023 39.9 0.1925
Norway 2023 34.39 0.1055
Poland 2023 24.38 0.1404
Portugal 2023 35.44 0.1505
Romania 2023 8.08 0.1632
Sweden 2023 37.82 0.1064
Slovenia 2023 53.19 0.2057
Slovakia 2023 21.89 0.2285
Austria 2024 49.94 0.1955
Belgium 2024 66.27 0.1392
Bulgaria 2024 20.19 0.1119
Cyprus 2024 34.91 0.1824
Czechia 2024 40.48 0.1654
Germany 2024 48.2 0.1976
Denmark 2024 63.39 0.0968
Euro Area 2024 43.43 0.1624
Estonia 2024 38.99 0.1313
Greece 2024 24.27 0.1279
Spain 2024 43.96 0.1217
Finland 2024 70.4 0.0921
France 2024 32.73 0.1555
Croatia 2024 28.36 0.2169
Hungary 2024 23.46 0.2055
Ireland 2024 50.84 0.2543
Italy 2024 32.5 0.1515
Lithuania 2024 31.21 0.1684
Luxembourg 2024 45.6 0.2041
Latvia 2024 33.33 0.1451
Malta 2024 46.74 0.1393
Netherlands 2024 54.07 0.1545
Norway 2024 53.32 0.0791
Poland 2024 32.95 0.1275
Portugal 2024 41.89 0.1068
Romania 2024 11.26 0.1415
Sweden 2024 56.34 0.0937
Slovenia 2024 59.7 0.1574
Slovakia 2024 29.1 0.1615

Notes: Electricity data are for the first six months of each year. Large firms specifies those with 250 or more employees. Fit lines are based on a simple bivariate regression with year fixed effects.

Sources: Eurostat, FRB Staff Calculations.

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Last Update: October 06, 2025