Accessible Version

Part 3: Recent Economic and Financial Developments

Figure 1. Medians, central tendencies, and ranges of economic projections, 2021-24 and over the longer run

Change in real GDP

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer run
Actual 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.6 -2.3 - - - - -
Upper End of Range - - - - - 5.8 4.6 2.8 2.3 2.2
Upper End of Central Tendency - - - - - 5.5 4.5 2.5 2.0 2.0
Median - - - - - 5.5 4.0 2.2 2.0 1.8
Lower End of Central Tendency - - - - - 5.5 3.6 2.0 1.8 1.8
Lower End of Range - - - - - 5.3 3.2 1.8 1.7 1.6
Unemployment rate

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer run
Actual 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.6 6.7 - - - - -
Upper End of Range - - - - - 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3
Upper End of Central Tendency - - - - - 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.2
Median - - - - - 4.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0
Lower End of Central Tendency - - - - - 4.2 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.8
Lower End of Range - - - - - 4.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.5
PCE inflation

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer run
Actual 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.2 - - - - -
Upper End of Range - - - - - 5.5 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.0
Upper End of Central Tendency - - - - - 5.4 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.0
Median - - - - - 5.3 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0
Lower End of Central Tendency - - - - - 5.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0
Lower End of Range - - - - - 5.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Core PCE inflation

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Actual 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.4 - - - -
Upper End of Range - - - - - 4.5 3.2 2.5 2.3
Upper End of Central Tendency - - - - - 4.4 3.0 2.4 2.2
Median - - - - - 4.4 2.7 2.3 2.1
Lower End of Central Tendency - - - - - 4.4 2.5 2.1 2.0
Lower End of Range - - - - - 4.4 2.4 2.0 2.0

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1. The data for the actual values of the variables are annual.

Return to text

Figure 2. FOMC participants' assessments of appropriate monetary policy: Midpoint of target range or target level for the federal funds rate

Number of participants with projected midpoint of target range or target level

Midpoint of target range or target level (Percent) 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer run
3.250          
3.125       1  
3.000         2
2.875       4  
2.750          
2.625          
2.500         9
2.375       2 1
2.250       1 4
2.125     3 5  
2.000         1
1.875     5 5  
1.750          
1.625     3    
1.500          
1.375     5    
1.250          
1.125   2 2    
1.000          
0.875   10      
0.750          
0.625   5      
0.500          
0.375   1      
0.250          
0.125 18        
0.000          

Note: Each shaded circle indicates the value (rounded to the nearest 1/8 percentage point) of an individual participant's judgment of the midpoint of the appropriate target range for the federal funds rate or the appropriate target level for the federal funds rate at the end of the specified calendar year or over the longer run. One participant did not submit longer-run projections for the federal funds rate.

Return to text

Figure 3.A. Distribution of participants' projections for the change in real GDP, 2021-24 and over the longer run

Histograms, five panels.

Number of participants

Percent Range 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer Run
September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections
1.4 - 1.5                    
1.6 - 1.7               2 3 3
1.8 - 1.9         1 3 1 4 8 8
2.0 - 2.1         2 3 12 9 4 4
2.2 - 2.3         5 5 4 3 2 2
2.4 - 2.5         8 5 1      
2.6 - 2.7         1 1        
2.8 - 2.9           1        
3.0 - 3.1     1   1          
3.2 - 3.3     2 1            
3.4 - 3.5     4 1            
3.6 - 3.7     2 2            
3.8 - 3.9     3 5            
4.0 - 4.1     1 3            
4.2 - 4.3       1            
4.4 - 4.5     4 3            
4.6 - 4.7       2            
4.8 - 4.9     1              
5.0 - 5.1                    
5.2 - 5.3   2                
5.4 - 5.5 1 13                
5.6 - 5.7 2 2                
5.8 - 5.9 7 1                
6.0 - 6.1 5                  
6.2 - 6.3 3                  

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1.

Return to text

Figure 3.B. Distribution of participants' projections for the unemployment rate, 2021-24 and over the longer run

Histograms, five panels.

Number of participants

Percent Range 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer Run
September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections
2.6 - 2.7                    
2.8 - 2.9         1 1        
3.0 - 3.1     1 1 1 2 3 2    
3.2 - 3.3     1 2 2 3 4 5    
3.4 - 3.5     1 7 8 8 6 6 2 3
3.6 - 3.7     2 5 3 2 2 2    
3.8 - 3.9     8 2 2 1 2 1 4 4
4.0 - 4.1   2 5 1 1 1 1 2 5 6
4.2 - 4.3   15             4 4
4.4 - 4.5 2 1             2  
4.6 - 4.7 6                  
4.8 - 4.9 9                  
5.0 - 5.1 1                  

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1.

Return to text

Figure 3.C. Distribution of participants' projections for PCE inflation, 2021-24 and over the longer run

Histograms, five panels.

Number of participants

Percent Range 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer Run
September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections
1.5 - 1.6                    
1.7 - 1.8     2              
1.9 - 2.0     3 2 5 2 8 6 18 18
2.1 - 2.2     5 2 8 6 7 12    
2.3 - 2.4     3 4 5 6 3      
2.5 - 2.6     3 3   4        
2.7 - 2.8     1 3            
2.9 - 3.0     1 3            
3.1 - 3.2       1            
3.3 - 3.4 1                  
3.5 - 3.6                    
3.7 - 3.8                    
3.9 - 4.0 3                  
4.1 - 4.2 8                  
4.3 - 4.4 6                  
4.5 - 4.6                    
4.7 - 4.8                    
4.9 - 5.0                    
5.1 - 5.2                    
5.3 - 5.4   15                
5.5 - 5.6   3                

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1.

Return to text

Figure 3.D. Distribution of participants' projections for core PCE inflation, 2021-24

Histograms, four panels.

Number of participants

Percent Range 2021 2022 2023 2024
September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections
1.7 - 1.8                
1.9 - 2.0     4   4 1 6 5
2.1 - 2.2     5   9 7 9 12
2.3 - 2.4     3 3 5 7 3 1
2.5 - 2.6     5 5   3    
2.7 - 2.8     1 5        
2.9 - 3.0       2        
3.1 - 3.2       3        
3.3 - 3.4                
3.5 - 3.6 8              
3.7 - 3.8 7              
3.9 - 4.0 1              
4.1 - 4.2 2              
4.3 - 4.4   15            
4.5 - 4.6   3            

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1.

Return to text

Figure 3.E. Distribution of participants' judgments of the midpoint of the appropriate target range for the federal funds rate or the appropriate target level for the federal funds rate, 2021-24 and over the longer run

Histograms, five panels.

Number of participants

Percent Range 2021 2022 2023 2024 Longer Run
September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections September projections December projections
0.13 - 0.37 18 18 9   1          
0.38 - 0.62     6 1 4          
0.63 - 0.87     3 5 3   1      
0.88 - 1.12       10 1   3      
1.13 - 1.37       2 6 2 3      
1.38 - 1.62           5        
1.63 - 1.87         3 3 2      
1.88 - 2.12           5 1 5 1 1
2.13 - 2.37           3 6 6 4 4
2.38 - 2.62             1 2 10 10
2.63 - 2.87             1      
2.88 - 3.12               4 2 2
3.13 - 3.37               1    

Note: Definitions of variables and other explanations are in the notes to table 1.

Return to text

Figure 4.A. Uncertainty and risks in projections of GDP growth

Median projection and confidence interval based on historical forecast errors
Change in Real GDP

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Actual 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.6 -2.3 - - - -
Upper end of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 6.2 5.7 4.4 4.3
Median - - - - - 5.5 4.0 2.2 2.0
Lower End of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 4.8 2.3 0 -0.3
FOMC participants' assessments of uncertainty and risks around their economic projections

Histograms, two panels.

Uncertainty about GDP growth

Number of participants

  Lower Broadly Similar Higher
December projections 0 1 17
September projections 0 1 17
Risks to GDP growth

Number of participants

  Weighted to Downside Broadly Balanced Weighted to Upside
December projections 4 14 0
September projections 4 14 0

Note: The blue and red lines in the top panel show actual values and median projected values, respectively, of the percent change in real gross domestic product (GDP) from the fourth quarter of the previous year to the fourth quarter of the year indicated. The confidence interval around the median projected values is assumed to be symmetric and is based on root mean squared errors of various private and government forecasts made over the previous 20 years; more information about these data is available in table 2. Because current conditions may differ from those that prevailed, on average, over the previous 20 years, the width and shape of the confidence interval estimated on the basis of the historical forecast errors may not reflect FOMC participants' current assessments of the uncertainty and risks around their projections; these current assessments are summarized in the lower panels. Generally speaking, participants who judge the uncertainty about their projections as "broadly similar" to the average levels of the past 20 years would view the width of the confidence interval shown in the historical fan chart as largely consistent with their assessments of the uncertainty about their projections. Likewise, participants who judge the risks to their projections as "broadly balanced" would view the confidence interval around their projections as approximately symmetric. For definitions of uncertainty and risks in economic projections, see the box "Forecast Uncertainty."

Return to text

Figure 4.B. Uncertainty and risks in projections of the unemployment rate

Median projection and confidence interval based on historical forecast errors
Unemployment rate

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Actual 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.6 6.7 - - - -
Upper end of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.5
Median - - - - - 4.3 3.5 3.5 3.5
Lower End of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 4.2 2.5 1.9 1.5
FOMC participants' assessments of uncertainty and risks around their economic projections

Histograms, two panels.

Uncertainty about the unemployment rate

Number of participants

  Lower Broadly Similar Higher
December projections 0 1 17
September projections 0 2 16
Risks to the unemployment rate

Number of participants

  Weighted to Downside Broadly Balanced Weighted to Upside
December projections 2 13 3
September projections 1 15 2

Note: The blue and red lines in the top panel show actual values and median projected values, respectively, of the average civilian unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of the year indicated. The confidence interval around the median projected values is assumed to be symmetric and is based on root mean squared errors of various private and government forecasts made over the previous 20 years; more information about these data is available in table 2. Because current conditions may differ from those that prevailed, on average, over the previous 20 years, the width and shape of the confidence interval estimated on the basis of the historical forecast errors may not reflect FOMC participants' current assessments of the uncertainty and risks around their projections; these current assessments are summarized in the lower panels. Generally speaking, participants who judge the uncertainty about their projections as "broadly similar" to the average levels of the past 20 years would view the width of the confidence interval shown in the historical fan chart as largely consistent with their assessments of the uncertainty about their projections. Likewise, participants who judge the risks to their projections as "broadly balanced" would view the confidence interval around their projections as approximately symmetric. For definitions of uncertainty and risks in economic projections, see the box "Forecast Uncertainty."

Return to text
Figure 4.C. Uncertainty and risks in projections of PCE inflation
Median projection and confidence interval based on historical forecast errors
PCE inflation

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Actual 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.2 - - - -
Upper end of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 5.5 3.5 3.3 3
Median - - - - - 5.3 2.6 2.3 2.1
Lower End of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 5.1 1.7 1.3 1.2
FOMC participants' assessments of uncertainty and risks around their economic projections

Histograms, four panels.

Uncertainty about PCE inflation

Number of participants

  Lower Broadly Similar Higher
December projections 0 0 18
September projections 0 0 18
Risks to PCE inflation

Number of participants

  Weighted to Downside Broadly Balanced Weighted to Upside
December projections 0 3 15
September projections 0 5 13
Uncertainty about core PCE inflation

Number of participants

  Lower Broadly Similar Higher
December projections 0 0 18
September projections 0 0 18
Risks to core PCE inflation

Number of participants

  Weighted to Downside Broadly Balanced Weighted to Upside
December projections 0 3 15
September projections 0 5 13

Note: The blue and red lines in the top panel show actual values and median projected values, respectively, of the percent change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) from the fourth quarter of the previous year to the fourth quarter of the year indicated. The confidence interval around the median projected values is assumed to be symmetric and is based on root mean squared errors of various private and government forecasts made over the previous 20 years; more information about these data is available in table 2. Because current conditions may differ from those that prevailed, on average, over the previous 20 years, the width and shape of the confidence interval estimated on the basis of the historical forecast errors may not reflect FOMC participants' current assessments of the uncertainty and risks around their projections; these current assessments are summarized in the lower panels. Generally speaking, participants who judge the uncertainty about their projections as "broadly similar" to the average levels of the past 20 years would view the width of the confidence interval shown in the historical fan chart as largely consistent with their assessments of the uncertainty about their projections. Likewise, participants who judge the risks to their projections as "broadly balanced" would view the confidence interval around their projections as approximately symmetric. For definitions of uncertainty and risks in economic projections, see the box "Forecast Uncertainty."

Return to text

Figure 4.D. Diffusion indexes of participants' uncertainty assessments

Diffusion index

SEP Change in real GDP Unemployment rate PCE inflation Core PCE inflation
October 2007 0.76 0.53 0.35 0.06
January 2008 0.88 0.76 0.29 0.29
April 2008 0.82 0.71 0.59 0.41
June 2008 0.76 0.65 0.82 0.47
October 2008 1 0.94 0.65 0.71
January 2009 1 1 0.88 0.88
April 2009 1 1 0.82 0.82
June 2009 0.94 0.94 0.76 0.76
November 2009 0.94 0.82 0.76 0.82
January 2010 0.82 0.71 0.71 0.76
April 2010 0.71 0.76 0.71 0.65
June 2010 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.65
November 2010 0.89 0.83 0.72 0.72
January 2011 0.72 0.67 0.72 0.67
April 2011 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.59
June 2011 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.65
November 2011 0.94 0.82 0.65 0.59
January 2012 0.94 0.82 0.53 0.47
April 2012 0.76 0.76 0.47 0.35
June 2012 0.95 0.95 0.47 0.37
September 2012 0.89 0.89 0.37 0.32
December 2012 0.95 0.89 0.26 0.26
March 2013 0.63 0.63 0.16 0.16
June 2013 0.37 0.32 0.16 0.16
September 2013 0.24 0.24 0.12 0.12
December 2013 0.18 0.18 0 0
March 2014 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.06
June 2014 0.19 0.12 0.12 0.12
September 2014 0.24 0.24 0.06 0.06
December 2014 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.12
March 2015 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.18
June 2015 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.06
September 2015 0.12 0.06 0.18 0.18
December 2015 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.12
March 2016 0 0 0.12 0.06
June 2016 0.18 0.06 0.06 0
September 2016 0 0 0.12 -0.06
December 2016 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.18
March 2017 0.29 0.24 0.18 0.18
June 2017 0.12 0 0 0
September 2017 0.12 0 0 0
December 2017 0.12 0.12 0 0
March 2018 0.07 0.07 0 0
June 2018 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
September 2018 0.12 0.19 0.06 0.06
December 2018 0.18 0.29 0.06 0.06
March 2019 0.18 0.24 0.12 0.12
June 2019 0.35 0.47 0.18 0.18
September 2019 0.35 0.47 0.24 0.24
December 2019 0.24 0.24 0.12 0.12
June 2020 1 1 1 1
September 2020 1 1 0.94 0.94
December 2020 0.94 0.94 0.82 0.82
March 2021 0.83 0.89 0.89 0.89
June 2021 0.83 0.89 1 1
September 2021 0.94 0.89 1 1
December 2021 0.94 0.94 1 1

Note: For each SEP, participants provided responses to the question "Please indicate your judgment of the uncertainty attached to your projections relative to the levels of uncertainty over the past 20 years." Each point in the diffusion indexes represents the number of participants who responded "Higher" minus the number who responded "Lower," divided by the total number of participants. Figure excludes March 2020 when no projections were submitted.

Return to text

Figure 4.E. Diffusion indexes of participants' risk weightings

Diffusion index

SEP Change in real GDP Unemployment rate PCE inflation Core PCE inflation
October 2007 -0.76 0.71 0.47 0.41
January 2008 -0.71 0.76 0.35 0.29
April 2008 -0.76 0.71 0.47 0.41
June 2008 -0.82 0.82 0.76 0.53
October 2008 -0.82 0.88 -0.29 -0.18
January 2009 -0.81 0.88 -0.44 -0.44
April 2009 -0.65 0.71 -0.24 -0.24
June 2009 -0.41 0.41 -0.06 -0.06
November 2009 -0.06 0.18 0 -0.06
January 2010 -0.06 0.18 0.06 0.06
April 2010 0.18 0.06 0 0
June 2010 -0.53 0.47 -0.18 -0.18
November 2010 -0.33 0.5 -0.17 -0.17
January 2011 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.06
April 2011 -0.12 0.06 0.47 0.35
June 2011 -0.65 0.53 0.29 0.24
November 2011 -0.65 0.65 -0.06 -0.06
January 2012 -0.65 0.59 0 0
April 2012 -0.47 0.53 0.18 0.12
June 2012 -0.79 0.68 -0.16 -0.16
September 2012 -0.74 0.68 -0.05 -0.05
December 2012 -0.68 0.68 -0.05 -0.05
March 2013 -0.42 0.32 -0.11 -0.11
June 2013 -0.37 0.32 -0.16 -0.16
September 2013 -0.47 0.24 -0.24 -0.24
December 2013 -0.12 0.06 -0.18 -0.18
March 2014 -0.12 0 -0.25 -0.25
June 2014 -0.25 0.06 -0.12 -0.12
September 2014 -0.18 -0.06 -0.24 -0.24
December 2014 -0.12 -0.06 -0.29 -0.24
March 2015 -0.24 0 -0.41 -0.41
June 2015 -0.24 0.06 -0.24 -0.24
September 2015 -0.41 0.29 -0.47 -0.47
December 2015 -0.12 0 -0.41 -0.47
March 2016 -0.47 0.12 -0.65 -0.59
June 2016 -0.35 0.18 -0.35 -0.35
September 2016 -0.18 0.06 -0.24 -0.24
December 2016 0.18 -0.18 0.06 0.06
March 2017 0.18 -0.24 0.18 0.18
June 2017 0.06 -0.12 -0.06 -0.06
September 2017 0 -0.06 -0.19 -0.19
December 2017 0.19 -0.19 0 0
March 2018 0.2 -0.27 0.2 0.2
June 2018 0.07 -0.07 0.07 0.07
September 2018 0.06 -0.06 0.19 0.19
December 2018 -0.12 -0.06 0.06 0.06
March 2019 -0.24 0.06 -0.18 -0.18
June 2019 -0.82 0.71 -0.53 -0.53
September 2019 -0.76 0.53 -0.29 -0.29
December 2019 -0.53 0.47 -0.35 -0.35
June 2020 -0.71 0.71 -0.76 -0.76
September 2020 -0.65 0.65 -0.59 -0.59
December 2020 -0.29 0.41 -0.47 -0.47
March 2021 0.06 -0.06 0.22 0.22
June 2021 0.06 -0.06 0.72 0.72
September 2021 -0.22 0.06 0.72 0.72
December 2021 -0.22 0.06 0.83 0.83

Note: For each SEP, participants provided responses to the question "Please indicate your judgment of the risk weighting around your projections." Each point in the diffusion indexes represents the number of participants who responded "Weighted to the Upside" minus the number who responded "Weighted to the Downside," divided by the total number of participants. Figure excludes March 2020 when no projections were submitted.

Return to text

Figure 5. Uncertainty and risks in projections of the federal funds rate

Median projection and confidence interval based on historical forecast errors
Federal Funds Rate

Percent

  2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Actual .6 1.4 2.4 1.6 .1 - - - -
Upper end of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 0.2 2.4 3.7 4.6
Median - - - - - .1 .9 1.6 2.1
Lower End of 70% Confidence Interval - - - - - 0 0 0 0

Note: The blue and red lines are based on actual values and median projected values, respectively, of the Committee's target for the federal funds rate at the end of the year indicated. The actual values are the midpoint of the target range; the median projected values are based on either the midpoint of the target range or the target level. The confidence interval around the median projected values is based on root mean squared errors of various private and government forecasts made over the previous 20 years. The confidence interval is not strictly consistent with the projections for the federal funds rate, primarily because these projections are not forecasts of the likeliest outcomes for the federal funds rate, but rather projections of participants' individual assessments of appropriate monetary policy. Still, historical forecast errors provide a broad sense of the uncertainty around the future path of the federal funds rate generated by the uncertainty about the macroeconomic variables as well as additional adjustments to monetary policy that may be appropriate to offset the effects of shocks to the economy.

The confidence interval is assumed to be symmetric except when it is truncated at zero - the bottom of the lowest target range for the federal funds rate that has been adopted in the past by the Committee. This truncation would not be intended to indicate the likelihood of the use of negative interest rates to provide additional monetary policy accommodation if doing so was judged appropriate. In such situations, the Committee could also employ other tools, including forward guidance and large-scale asset purchases, to provide additional accommodation. Because current conditions may differ from those that prevailed, on average, over the previous 20 years, the width and shape of the confidence interval estimated on the basis of the historical forecast errors may not reflect FOMC participants' current assessments of the uncertainty and risks around their projections.

* The confidence interval is derived from forecasts of the average level of short-term interest rates in the fourth quarter of the year indicated; more information about these data is available in table 2. The shaded area encompasses less than a 70 percent confidence interval if the confidence interval has been truncated at zero.

Return to text
Back to Top
Last Update: March 18, 2022