Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, provides the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system.

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Economist Advanced Foreign Economies Section International Finance

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Recent Evolutions in the Global Trade System: From Integration to Strategic Realignment
Florencia Airaudo, François de Soyres, Alexandre Gaillard, and Ana Maria Santacreu
ECB Forum on Central Banking (2025)
Measuring Geopolitical Fragmentation: Implications for Trade, Financial Flows, and Economic Policy
Florencia Airaudo, Francois De Soyres, Keith Richards, and Ana Maria Santacreu
International Finance Discussion Papers (2025)
https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2025.1408
Fragmentation? Revisiting the Ideal Point Distance measure of geopolitical distance
Florencia S. Airaudo, François de Soyres, Keith Richards, and Ana Maria Santacreu
FEDS Notes (2025)
https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3749

Last Update: November 21, 2025

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