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Figure 1. At least doing okay financially (by education and race/ethnicity)

Percent

Education White Black Hispanic
High school degree or less 68 61 58
Some college or associate degree 76 61 72
Bachelor's degree or more 89 80 81
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Box 1 Figure A. Income-related word pairs among those "doing okay" or "living comfortably"

Figure A shows the 12 most-common words paired with "income" among SHED respondents who say they are either "doing okay" or "living comfortably" and are asked to describe why they chose that assessment of economic well-being. The 12 words are as follows: one, two, household, fixed, exceeds, steady, monthly, retirement, sufficient, enough, disposable, and adequate.

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Box 1 Figure B. Income-related word pairs among those "just getting by" or "struggling to get by"

Figure B shows the 12 most-common words paired with "income" among SHED respondents who say they are either "just getting by" or "struggling to get by" and are asked to describe why they chose that assessment of economic well-being. The 12 words are as follows: fixed, limited, steady, no, one, low, not enough, barely, monthly, disability, and security.

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Figure 2. Family income distribution

Percent

Income Percent
$0 5
$1–$4,999 6
$5,000–$14,999 7
$15,000–$24,999 8
$25,000–$39,999 11
$40,000–$49,999 8
$50,000–$74,999 15
$75,000–$99,999 11
$100,000–$149,999 13
$150,000 or higher 14
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Figure 3. Forms of financial support received from someone outside of the home

Percent

Support form Percent
Money for general expenses 59
Help with other bills 45
Help paying rent or mortgage 35
Help with education expenses or student loans 23
Help with car payment 20

Note: Among adults receiving any support from outside the home.

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Figure 4. Willingness to take financial risks (by income volatility)

Percent

Willingness to take risk Stable income Varying income
Not at all 14 13
1 5 5
2 8 7
3 12 11
4 10 10
5 21 23
6 11 12
7 11 10
8 4 5
9 1 1
Very willing 2 2
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Figure 5. Want to work more than currently (by education and race/ethnicity)

Percent

Education White Black
High school degree or less 31 50
Some college or associate degree 29 47
Bachelor's degree or more 19 30
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Figure 6. Reasons for not working among ages 25–54

Percent

Response Percent
Health limitations 35
Could not find work 23
Other family obligations 23
Child care 18
School or training 8
Retired 6
Other 2

Note: Respondents can select multiple answers.

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Figure 7. Received a raise (by education and race/ethnicity)

Percent

Education White Black Hispanic
High school degree or less 45 40 49
Some college or associate degree 54 44 42
Bachelor's degree or more 53 51 44

Note: Among workers in the past month.

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Figure 8. Employees "just getting by" or "finding it difficult to get by" (by work schedule)

Percent

Response Percent
Varies by employer's need 33
Varies by my own needs 18
Normally work same hours 20
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Figure 9. Main reason for gig work

Percent

Response Percent
Supplement income from regular work 37
Sell items no longer needed 23
Primary source of income 18
Help family members 4
Hobby 3
Acquire or maintain skills 1
Other 5

Note: Among gig workers in the past month.

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Box 2 Figure A. Gig work and some difficulty handling an unexpected expense (by reasons for doing gig work)

Percent

Characteristic Percent
Primary source of income 58
Supplement income 44
Sell items no longer needed 36

Note: Respondents can select multiple reasons for gig work. "Some difficulty" is defined as borrow, sell something, or cannot pay.

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Box 2 Figure B. Gig work and use of alternative financial services (by reasons for doing gig work)

Percent

Characteristic Percent
Primary source of income 33
Supplement income 26
Sell items no longer needed 19

Note: Respondents can select multiple reasons for gig work.

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Figure 10. Would cover a $400 emergency expense using cash or its equivalent (by survey year)

Percent

Year Percent
2018 61
2017 59
2016 56
2015 54
2014 53
2013 50
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Figure 11. Other ways individuals would cover a $400 emergency expense

Percent

Response Percent
Would not be able to pay for the expense right now 12
Use a payday loan, deposit advance, or overdraft 2
Use money from a bank loan or line of credit 3
Sell something 6
Borrow from a friend or family member 10
Put it on a credit card and pay it off over time 16

Note: Respondents can select multiple answers.

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Figure 12. Not able to fully pay current month's bills (by education and race/ethnicity)

Percent

Race/ethnicity Currently After a $400 emergency expense
Bachelor's degree or more
White 6 4
Black 22 6
Hispanic 13 7
Some college or associate degree
White 15 10
Black 29 17
Hispanic 23 18
High school degree or less
White 20 16
Black 34 24
Hispanic 31 17
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Figure 13. Forms of skipped medical treatment due to cost

Percent

Response Percent
Dental care 17
Seeing a doctor 12
Prescription medicine 10
Seeing a specialist 8
Follow-up care 7
Mental health care or counseling 6
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Figure 14. Banking status

Percent

Banking status Percent
Unbanked 6
Underbanked 16
Fully banked 77

Note: Fully banked individuals have a bank or credit union account and have not used an alternative financial service in the past year.

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Figure 15. Frequency of carrying a balance on one or more credit cards in the past 12 months

Percent

Credit card payment behavior Percent
Never carried an unpaid balance 47
Once or some of the time 26
Most or all of the time 27

Note: Among adults with at least one credit card.

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Box 3 Figure A. Had problem accessing funds in past 12 months (by family income and income volatility)

Percent

Income Roughly the same Occasionally varies Varies often
Less than $40,000 13 16 21
$40,000–$100,000 12 19 22
Greater than $100,000 10 12 15

Note: Among adults with a bank account.

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Figure 16. Difficulty getting landlord to fix problems with rental unit (by race/ethnicity)

Percent

Race/ethnicity None A little Moderate Substantial
White 52 20 15 13
Black 35 27 15 22
Hispanic 36 20 21 23
Overall 45 21 16 17

Note: Among all renters who contacted their landlord about a repair.

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Figure 17. Satisfied with local neighborhood and housing characteristics

Percent

Response Percent
Cost of own house or apartment 63
Overall quality of own house or apartment 73
Quality of local schools 57
Quality of other neighborhood amenities 59
Safety of neighborhood 74
Overall quality of neighborhood 76

Note: Satisfaction with the cost of own house or apartment excludes those who do not own and are not paying rent.

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Figure 18. Satisfied with local neighborhood and housing characteristics (by neighborhood income)

Percent

Category Low or moderate income Middle or upper income
Cost of own house or apartment 57 65
Overall quality of own house or apartment 61 77
Quality of local schools 44 62
Quality of other neighborhood amenities 44 65
Safety of neighborhood 58 79
Overall quality of neighborhood 61 81

Note: Satisfaction with the cost of own house or apartment excludes those who do not own and are not paying rent. See table 1 for definitions of low- or moderate-income neighborhoods.

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Figure 19. Satisfied with local neighborhood and housing characteristics (by race/ethnicity)

Percent

Category White Black Hispanic
Overall quality of neighborhood 80 65 67
Safety of neighborhood 79 62 63
Quality of other neighborhood amenities 63 51 53
Quality of local schools 60 50 53
Overall quality of own house or apartment 77 65 63
Cost of own house or apartment 66 58 56

Note: Satisfaction with the cost of own house or apartment excludes those who do not own and are not paying rent.

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Figure 20. Neighborhood amenities that are moderately or very important (by urban/rural residence)

Percent

Category Rural Urban
Grocery store 82 88
Shops or restaurants 65 77
Bank or credit union 63 65
Place of worship 54 47
Library 42 49
Park or playground 33 44
Public transportation 24 39
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Box 4 Figure A. Satisfaction with housing and economic well-being among low-relative income adults (by type of city)

Percent

Category Expensive Inexpensive
Overall quality of neighborhood 68 66
Overall quality of own house or apartment 64 63
Doing okay financially 60 59
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Box 4 Figure B. Homeownership and satisfaction with cost of housing among low-relative income adults (by type of city)

Percent

Category More expensive Less Expensive
Cost of own house or apartment 54 55
Own a home 39 44

Note: Satisfaction with the cost of own house or apartment excludes those who do not own and are not paying rent.

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Figure 21. At least doing okay financially (by education)

Percent

Education Percent
Graduate degree 90
Bachelor's degree 85
Associate degree 77
Some college, no associate degree 72
High school degree or less 64
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Figure 22. Self-assessed value of higher education (by degree and institution type)

Percent

Degree and institution type Benefits higher than costs Same costs and benefits Costs higer than benefits
Bachelor's degree or more, private for-profit 49 21 29
Bachelor's degree or more, private not-for-profit 66 17 17
Bachelor's degree or more, public 68 16 15
Associate degree, private for-profit 35 32 33
Associate degree, private not-for-profit 53 29 16
Associate degree, public 52 33 14

Note: Among adults who completed at least an associate or bachelor's degree. Degree holders are asked specifically about the value of their associate or bachelor's degree, rather than their higher education as a whole.

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Figure 23. Benefits of education outweigh costs (by field of study)

Percent

Response Percent
Engineering 81
Computer/information sciences 77
Business/management 71
Education 69
Physical sciences/math 68
Life sciences 64
Law 61
Social/behavioral sciences 60
Health 59
Vocational/technical training 55
Humanities 55

Note: Among adults who completed at least a bachelor's degree.

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Figure 24. Lifetime financial benefits of bachelor's degree exceed the costs (by age)

Percent

Age Percent
60+ 80
50–59 76
40–49 64
30–39 59
18–29 52

Note: Among adults who completed at least a bachelor's degree.

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Figure 25. Changes would make now to earlier education decisions (by institution type)

Percent

Institution Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit
Completed more education 52 38 64
Not attend college or less education 8 6 13
Chosen a different field of study 38 32 43
Attended a different school 23 26 49

Note: Among adults who completed at least some college. Respondents can select multiple answers.

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Figure 26. Educational attainment of young adults ages 22–29 (by parents' education)

Percent

Characteristic High school degree or less Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree or more
Both parents high school degree or less 59 24 17
At least 1 parent with some college, neither with a bachelor's degree 22 49 29
At least 1 parent with a bachelor's degree 8 21 71

Note: Among adults ages 22 to 29.

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Figure 27. Institutions attended by young adults ages 22-29 (by parents' education)

Percent

Parents' education Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit
At least 1 parent with a bachelor's degree 64 34 2
At least 1 parent with some college, neither with a bachelor's degree 71 18 11
Both parents high school degree or less 71 15 13

Note: Among adults who completed at least some college.

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Figure 28. Institutions attended by young adults ages 22–29 (by race/ethnicity)

Percent

Race/ethnicity Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit
White 65 30 4
Black 65 13 22
Hispanic 74 16 10

Note: Among adults who completed at least some college.

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Figure 29. Acquired debt for own education, including repaid (by age and highest degree completed)

Percent

Highest degree completed 18–29 30–44 45–59 60+
Some college or certificate 43 40 25 9
Associate degree 48 54 41 17
Bachelor's degree 60 59 48 29
Graduate degree 73 68 56 36

Note: Among adults who attended college.

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Figure 30. Payment status of loans for own education (by parents' education and current age)

Percent

Characteristic Behind Current Paid off
First-generation college students (all) 12 38 49
Not first-generation college students (all) 6 48 45
First-generation college students (ages 18–29) 16 69 14
Not first-generation college students (ages 18–29) 7 74 19

Note: Among adults who borrowed for their own education.

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Figure 31. Payment status of loans for own education (by current age and race/ethnicity)

Percent

Characteristic Behind Current Paid off
Hispanic (all) 16 50 33
Black (all) 21 47 31
White (all) 6 40 54
Hispanic (ages 18–29) 15 69 16
Black (ages 18–29) 28 61 8
White (ages 18–29) 7 74 18

Note: Among adults who borrowed for their own education.

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Figure 32. Forms of retirement savings among non-retirees

Percent

Type Percent
Defined contribution pension 54
Savings not in retirement accounts 42
IRA 33
Defined benefit pension 22
Real estate 14
Business 7
Other 1
None 26

Note: Among non-retirees. Respondents can select multiple answers.

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Figure 33. Lack of retirement savings and self-assessed preparedness (by age)

Percent

Category 18–29 30–44 45–59 60+
No retirement savings 42 26 17 13
Perceive retirement savings as being on track 26 35 42 45

Note: Among non-retirees.

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Figure 34. Lack of retirement savings and self-assessed preparedness (by race/ethnicity)

Percent

Category White Black Hispanic
No retirement savings 21 36 39
Perceive retirement savings as being on track 42 25 23

Note: Among non-retirees.

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Figure 35. Mostly or very comfortable investing self-directed retirement savings (by gender and education)

Percent

Education Men Women
High school degree or less 38 28
Some college or associate degree 45 30
Bachelor's degree or more 58 32

Note: Among non-retirees with a self-directed retirement account.

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Figure 36. Reasons for early retirement (by race/ethnicity)

Percent

Reasons for early retirement White Black Hispanic
Wanted to do other things 54 46 53
Wanted to spend more time with family 50 44 61
Poor health 35 56 55
Family responsiblities 31 33 47
Didn't like the work 27 30 31
Forced to retire or lack of available work 21 31 35

Note: Among retirees who retired before age 65.

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Last Update: January 27, 2020